EDUCATORS’ TRAINING

MANUAL

LIFE SCIENCES
RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT
(Humans) 1
 PROGRAMME

Registration 8h30 - 9h00

Welcome 9h00 - 9h10
Purpose and Outcomes 9h10 - 9h20
Session l 9h20 - 11h20
Break 11h20 - 11h35
Session 2 11h35 - 13h35
13h35 - 14h35 Break

Session 3 14h35 - 15h35

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 This is your workshop.
Enjoy it,
take from it what is valuable for you .
But also
contribute for the benefit of others

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 Purpose
• To strengthen the knowledge, skills and values of grade 12 educators in Nervous
System, Eye and Ear

RATIONALE : At the end of the workshop, teachers will be able to :

1. Distinguish concepts in genetics and inheritance.
1. Solve genetic problems involving three types of dominance.
• National Diagnostic1. report reflected
Interpret pedigree 46%andand
diagrams on autosomal Provincial
sex linked inheritance. Diagnostic report reflected 45% in
average learners’ performance on this topic (Question2.1 and 2.5 in 2020).
 2020 needs analysis during school visits reports indicated that a number of teachers were
struggling to teach the topic with confidence.
• CAPS Grade 12 Amendments Abridged Section 4 indicates that the content weighting of
Responding to Environment by Humans is 54 marks which constitutes 36 % in paper 1.
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 Outcomes

At the end of the workshop, educators will be able to :

At the end of the workshop, teachers will be able to :
1. Distinguish concepts in genetics and inheritance.

• Distinguish concepts in Nervous System, Eye and Ear.

1.
1.
Solve genetic problems involving three types of dominance.
Interpret pedigree diagrams on autosomal and sex linked inheritance.

• Solve sample problems involving nervous system, Eye and Ear.

• Interpret diagrams on nervous system, Eye and Ear.

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 Table of Contents Pages
Session 1: Nervous System (2hours) 7
Activity 1: Pre-test on terminology 8
Feedback and consolidation (30 minutes) 9
Activity 2: 14
Feedback and consolidation 15
Activity 3: 20 – 21
Feedback and consolidation 22
Session 2: The Eye 23
Activity 4: 31
Feedback and consolidation(20 minutes) 32
Activity 5: 37
Feedback and consolidation 38
Session 3: The Ear 39
Activity 6: 46
Feedback and consolidation 47 6
 Session 1 : Human Nervous System
1Hours

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 Activity 1: Pre-test on terminology(Individual)
(10 minutes)
1. Why do humans need a nervous system?
2. Describe the following concepts:
(a) Stimulus
(b) Receptor
(c) Effector
(d) Neuron
3. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

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 Activity 1: Feedback on terminology (10 minutes)

1. • Reaction to stimuli (stimuli can be external and internal)

• Coordination of the various activities of the body
2. (a) A thing that evokes/arouses a specific functional reaction in
an organ or tissue
(b) Structure that receives stimulus and converts it into an impulse.
(c) Gland or organ that brings about a response to stimuli
received by the body.
(d) Specialised nerve cells found in the nervous system.
3. Sympathetic nerves : nerves that initiate or increase a particular action in the body
Parasympathetic nerves: nerves that slow down a particular action in the body after the
action has had its desired effect.

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 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SPINAL NERVES
CRANIAL NERVES SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS
BRAIN SPINAL CORD
SYSTEM

PARASYMPATHETIC AUTONOMIC NERVOUS

SYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM

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Professional Teaching Standards - DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION WITH TEACHERS & SUBJECT AND PHASE SPECIALISTS 11
 How does our nervous system work?

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 Corpus callosum
m • Connects the left and
voluntary right hemispheres of
the brain – allowing
s and interprets communication
ns from sense between both hemispheres

hought processes
Cerebellum
• Coordinates all
voluntary movements
longata • Controls muscle
nerve impulses tension to maintain
he spinal cord balance
ain Hypothalamus
nvoluntary • Control centre for hunger,
ch as heartbeat thirst, sleep, body
hing temperature and emotions

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 Activity 2: Individual (5 minutes)

1. Write down the name of the part which:

1.1. Controls heartbeat (1)

1.2. Contains the centres that control balance, muscle tone and equilibrium (1)

1.3. Has centres that interpret what you see (1)

1.4. Coordinates voluntary muscle movements (1)

1.5. Controls body temperature (1)

Professional Teaching Standards - DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION WITH TEACHERS & SUBJECT AND PHASE SPECIALISTS
[5]
15
 Feedback : (5 minutes)

1.1. Medulla oblongata √ (1)

1.2. Cerebellum √ (1)

1.3. Cerebrum √ (1)

1.4. Cerebellum √ (1)

1.5. Hypothalamus √ (1)

[5]

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 Neurons

There are 3 types of neurons (nerve cells)

Sensory neurons:
• Conduct impulses from the receptors TO the central nervous system

Motor neurons:
• Conduct impulses FROM the central nervous system to effectors like muscles and glands

Connector / inter-neurons:
Connect sensory neurons to motor neurons

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 Structure of Neurons

Axon

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Professional Teaching Standards - DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION WITH TEACHERS & SUBJECT AND PHASE SPECIALISTS 19
 • A reflex arc is the path taken by the nerve
impulses in bringing about a response to a
stimulus during a reflex action.

• A reflex action is a rapid automatic

(involuntary) response to a stimulus that is
received by a sensory organ/receptor to ensure
a quick response.

• The reflex arc will cause the body to respond

very quickly as a reflex action, allowing it to
protect against possible severe injury.

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 Activity 3

3 Hammer
1 muscle

Spinal cord 4 Right leg

Study the above diagram of longitudinal section of the human brain, a cross-section of the spinal cord and
the right leg.
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 Activity 3: continue……..

1. Identify the parts 1, 2 and 5. (3)

2. What will be the effect on the body if part 5 is damaged? (1)

3. Mention three disorders of the nervous system. (3)

4. Describe the reflex action shown in the diagram. (10)

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 Feedback

1. 1 - cerebrum/ brain √
2 - medulla oblongata √
5 – cerebellum √ (3)
2. Lack of muscle control/lack of co-ordination/ bad posture / upset equilibrium √
Any 1 (1)
3. Alzheimer’s Disease √, Attention Deficit Disorder, √ Depression √ , Multiple sclerosis(3)

4. - Hammer strikes the knee, √ stimulating the receptors√ /touch corpuscles

- An impulse is transmitted along the dorsal root √ to the dorsal horn √
- where the sensory neuron √ makes a synapse with an interneuron.√
- It moves along the motor neuron in the ventral horn √,
- along the ventral root √
- to the effector √ / the muscles in the leg. √
- The leg is raised upwards. √
- At the same time an impulse moves to the brain √ to be interpreted. √ (10)

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 Session 2 : The Eye
1Hour

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The structure and functions of parts of the eye

25
 Lens:
Cornea: Iris: Changes shape for near
Responsible for the refraction The coloured part of the eye and distant (far) vision
(bending) of light rays from the
object, to create the
image on the Choroid:
retina Sclera: A dark coloured layer which:
The tough white outer coat, • Reduces reflection
Pupil:
which protects the eye against • Is rich in blood vessels which supply
A circular opening in the iris
damage the cells of the eye with nutrients and
which allows light into the
oxygen
eye

Retina: Vitreous humour:

Contains the light- A jelly-like substance which,
sensitive receptor cells, gives shape to the eye
i.e. the rods and cones

Optic nerve:
Carries nerve impulses from the retina to the brain 26
 Functioning of the eye

The eye performs the following functions:

• Binocular vision

• Formation of the image

• Accommodation

• Pupillary reflex

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 Binocular vision and its importance

• Refers to the ability to focus on an object with both eyes, creating a

single image

• During binocular vision the three pairs of muscles on the outside of

each eye enable the eye to see three dimensionally.

• The ability to perceive depth is known as stereoscopy or stereoscopic

vision

• Depth of perception enables us to walk down/up stairs.

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 The changes that occur in the human eye

• Accommodation
- Refers to the ability of the eye to change the shape (convexity) of the lens to ensure a clear image is
formed on the retina whether the image is near or distant to bend the light more to focus it

• Pupillary Mechanism
Controlling light levels:
- Your eyes are very sensitive and can be damaged by harsh light.
- Your iris controls light allowed into the eye by changing the size of the pupil

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 Pupillary mechanism
continue….

In bright light Sclera

• The circular muscles of the iris contract
• The radial muscles relax Pupil
Constricts Radial
• The pupil constricts
(becomes muscles of
• The amount of light entering the eye is Iris relax
Smaller
reduced

Circular
muscles of
iris contract

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 The changes that occur in the human eye

In dim light
Sclera
• The radial muscles of the iris contracts
• The circular muscles relax
• The pupil dilates Pupil Circular
• The amount of light entering the eye is widens muscles
increased. of iris
relax

Radial
muscles of
of iris contract

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Activity : 4

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Feedback

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 Nature and treatment of visual defects

Hypermetropia (long
sightedness)

Causes :
• Eyeball being too rounded
• Inability of the lens to
become more convex
common in the elderly
Treatment
Wear classes with convex lens

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Myopia (short sightedness)

Causes :
• Eyeball being too long
• Inability of the lens of the eye to become less
convex.

Treatment
Wear glasses with a concave lens.

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 • Astigmatism

• The front surface of the cornea is curved more in one direction than in the
other.

• Symptoms:
• Distortion or blurring of images at all distances
• Headache and fatigue squinting and eye discomfort and irritation

• Treatment
• Prescription glasses are required if the degree of astigmatism is great
enough to cause eye strain and head ache, or distortion of vision.

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 :

Cataracts
Refers to:
• The cloudy, opaque part of the lens
Cause:
• not clear understanding of its causes.

Treatment:
• Surgical removal of the lens replacing the
lens with a synthetic lens.

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 Activity 5

3.5 The diagram alongside that represents a section through part of the human eye.

3.5.1. Supply labels for the parts numbered 1, 3 and 5. (3)

3.5.2. Supply the number and name of the part that

controls the amount of light that enters the eye. (2)

3.5.3 Mention the changes that the part names in Question

3.5.2 will undergo when exposed to bright light. (4)

3.5.4. List one function for each of parts 4 and 7. (2)

3.5.5 Supply the number and the name of the part that is
responsible for the accommodation of the eye. (2)

3.5.6. Explain the changes that will take place when the
part named in Question 3.5.5 views an object closer that
6m.
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 Feedback:

3.5.1. 1 = cornea√ 3= pupil √ 5 = suspensory ligaments √ (3)

3.5.2. Number 2 , the iris √(1)
3.5.3. The radial muscles of the iris relax√ the circular muscles contract √ this will cause the pupil to
constrict √ allowing less light to enter into the eye √ (4)
3.5.4. Part 4 = the lens focusses the light rays onto the retina at the back of the eye √ .
Part 7 = the vitreous body / vitreous humour is part of the refracting medium of the eye and
helps to maintain the shape of the eyeball. √ (2)
3.5.5 Number 6 = the ciliary muscles in the ciliary body √ √ (2)
3.5.6.
• The ciliary muscles contract √
• Releasing the tension on the suspensory ligaments so they become relaxed √
• The tension on the elastic lens becomes less √
• The lens becomes rounder/more convex √
• This increases the refraction of light through the lens so that the image focusses on the retina√
(18)
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 Session 3 :The Ear
1 Hour

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 Structure
.

The ear consists of three regions:

• Outer ear

• Middle ear

• Inner ear

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 Outer ear
Consists of the Functions of the outer ear
cartilaginous pinna and
an auditory canal • The pinna directs sound waves through the
auditory canal to the tympanic membrane.
Pinna • The auditory canal directs sound waves to the
tympanic membrane.
• Cerumen (wax) and hairs in the auditory
canal prevents small organisms from entering
the ear.
• Wax also prevents the ear drum from drying
Auditory canal out.

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 Functions of the middle ear
• Tympanic membrane transmits vibrations to the ossicles

• The ossicles transmits impulses from the tympanic

membrane to the inner ear

• The Eustachean tube maintains equal pressure on either

side of the tympanic membrane

• The oval window transmits vibrations of the ossicles into

the inner ear.

• The round window absorbs the pressure set up in the

inner ear.
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 Functions of the inner ear

Semi circular • The semicircular canals, sacculus and utriculus are

canals connected with balance and equilibrium.

• The cochlea contains the organ of Corti which converts

the stimulus of sound into impulses.
Oval
window Cochlear • The auditory nerve transmits sound impulses to the
nerve
brain.

Round
window
Cochlea

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 Functions of the Ear

. The ear has TWO functions: Balance

• Hearing • Sudden changes in speed and direction causes the
• Balance endolymph within the semicircular canals to move.

Path sound/Hearing • The movement of the fluid stimulates the cristae in

the ampullae – situated at the base of the semi
Pinna --auditory canal -- tympanic circular canal.
membrane - hammer -- anvil-- • When the direction of the head changes, gravitational
stirrup --- oval window-- perilymph- pull stimulates maculae – in the sacculus and utriculus
organ of Corti---auditory nerve ----
brain • Within the cristae and maculae the stimuli is
converted to impulses

• These impulses are sent to the brain by the vestibular

branch of the auditory nerve to the cerebellum for
Professional Teaching Standards - DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION WITH TEACHERS & SUBJECT AND PHASE SPECIALISTS
interpretation to restore balance. 45
 Cause and treatment of Hearing Defects

Hearing defect Causes Treatment

Middle ear infection - Excess fluid in the middle ear caused by pathogen Inserting grommets
- Infection caused by viruses and bacteria that cause - Antibiotics
common cold, influenza, measles and mumps.
- The fluid caused by the infection makes the
Eustachian tube to be swollen, inflamed and clogged.
Deafness Injury to parts of the ear, nerves or parts of brain Hearing aids
responsible for hearing - Cochlear implants
- Hardened wax
- Hardening of ear tissues such as ossicles.

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 Activity 6

1.1 Identify parts B and G. (2)

1. Study the following diagram of the human ear and
answer the questions that follow. 1.2 State the function of each of parts C and E. (2)

1.3. Explain:
a) Why you can often clear a buzzing/humming in the ear by
swallowing (3)
b) Why the membrane labelled F is much larger than
membrane C (2)

1.4. A dog has lost part A in an accident. Part A is replaced

with a stiff, non-elastic, solid plastic structure.
b) Is the plastic structure as effective as the original ear of the
dog? (1)
b) Explain your answer to QUESTION 1.4 (a). (2)

1.5. Explain how part D and the retina of the eye function
in similar ways. (4)
1.6. Give ONE reason for part D being spirally shaped. (2)
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 Feedback:

1.1 B : Semi-circular canals √ √ b)

G : Auditory meatus/canal √ √ (4) • To amplify √
• Sound √ (2)
1.2 C : Transmits pressure waves to the perilymph of the inner
ear √ √ (2) 1.4 (a) No √ (1)
(b) It is not moveable or flexible √ for more accurate
E: Prevents pressure build-up of sound waves √ / collection of sound √ / for finding the direction √
distortion √ /eases vibrations out of the inner ear √ / that the sound is coming from √ (2)
absorbs vibrations √ (any two) (2) 1.5
Both receive √ stimuli √ and convert √ to impulses √
1.3 (a) which they send √ through the sensory neuron √
• A buzzing sound is caused by a difference in the pressure (Any 2 x 2) = (4)
between the outer and the middle ear √ 1.6
• Swallowing opens / closes the Eustachian tube √ Larger surface area √ to accommodate more receptors √
• to equalize the pressure √ (3) fits into smaller area /takes up less space √
(Any 2) = (2)

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 ANNEXURE B: References

1. Department of Basic Education materials (Gauteng)

2. Search engine www.google.com

3. Isaac T, Chetty S, Mangaye HT, Mpondwana NL and White

L(2013): Understanding Life Sciences Grade 12,Pulse Education
Services

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 THE END

THANK YOU

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