GROUP 6

NAME REG NUMBER

NSUBUGA FRANCIS 18/U/EBD/265/GV

ATEK JULIET 18/U/EBD/22265/PE

KIYENGO HAKIM LWANGA 18/U/EBD/264/GV

NABULYA VICTORIA 18/U/EBD/8948/PD

WANGA HERBERT 18/U/EBD/8956/PE

NASSOZI BEATRICE 18/U/EBD/8952/PD

OKOT OSCAR RAYMOND 18/U/EBD/8960/PE

 PROTECTION
 BUILDINGS OF HIGH-RISE
IN WHICH FIRES CANNOT BEBUILDINGS AGAINST FIRE.
FOUGHT SUCCESSFULLY BY GROUND-
BASED EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL
 HIGH-RISE MEANS BUILDINGS 100 FT(300M) OR HIGHER.
 CLASSES OF FIRES.

• 1. CLASS A FIRES. THIS CLASS INVOLVES ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLES WHICH ARE READILY
EXTINGUISHABLE BY WATER OR BY COATING WITH A SUITABLE CHEMICAL POWDER.

• 2. CLASS B FIRES. THESE INVOLVE FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS WHERE A COOLING AGENT MUST BE
APPLIED WITH CARE.

• 3. CLASS C FIRES. THOSE IN LIVE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT WHERE THE EXTINGUISHING

AGENT MUST BE NONCONDUCTIVE ARE TERMED TO AS CLASS C FIRES.

• 4. CLASS D. UNDER THIS FIRE CLASS, FIRES INVOLVE METALS WHICH BURN FOR EXAMPLE
MAGNESIUM, SODIUM, AND POWDERED ALUMINIUM. SPECIAL POWDERS ARE USED TO BRING
DOWN SUCH FIRES, AS WELL AS SPECIAL TRAINING FOR OPERATORS.
 FIRE-PROTECTION CONCEPTS
• TO MINIMIZE THE PROBABILITY OF A FIRE OUTBREAK AND TO PROTECT LIFE LOSS AND LIMIT
PROPERTY DAMAGE IN CASE FIRE OCCURS.
• STEPS TAKEN TO
• FIRE LOADS SHOULD BE HIGHLY LIMITED

• MEANS OF FIRE PROTECTION SHOULD BE PROVIDED

• EARLY EXTINGUISHMENT MEANS SHOULD BE INSTALLED

• AN ADEQUATE WATER SUPPLY TO INSTALLED FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE AVAILED

• PARTITIONING OF BUILDINGS SHOULD BE DONE USING FIRE BARRIERS

• MEANS OF REMOVAL OF HEAT AND SMOKE FROM THE BUILDING SHOULD BE PROVIDED

• FIRE PROOFING STRUCTURAL CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING

• REFUGE AREAS FOR OCCUPANTS OF THE BUILDING SHOULD BE PROVIDED

• A STANDBY EQUIPMENT FOR EMERGENCIES OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND ELEVATORS

 EXTINGUISHMENT OF FIRES IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

Design of all buildings should include provisions for prompt

extinguishment of fires.
Such apparatus may range from small, hand-held extinguishers
for small fires to hoses attached to a large, pressurized water
supply and automatic fire sprinklers.

Standpipes.
Standpipes are usually designed for this use by the fire
department, but they can be used by building fire fighters also

Automatic Sprinklers.
Basically, a sprinkler system consists of a network of piping
installed at the ceiling or roof and supplied with water from a
suitable source
Sprinkler systems are suitable for extinguishing all Class A fires
and, in many cases, also Class B and C fires.
 SPRINKLER OPERATION AND INSTALLATION
 ON THE PIPING AT SYSTEMATIC INTERVALS ARE PLACED HEAT-SENSITIVE HEADS, WHICH DISCHARGE WATER WHEN A
PREDETERMINED TEMPERATURE IS REACHED AT ANY HEAD.

 A GATE VALVE IS INSTALLED IN THE MAIN SUPPLY, AND DRAINS ARE PROVIDED.

 AN ALARM CAN BE CONNECTED TO THE SYSTEM SO THAT LOCAL AND REMOTE SIGNALS CAN BE GIVEN WHEN THE
WATER FLOWS.

• INSTALLATION
a) THE INSTALLATION BEGINS WITH SECURING A GASKET ON THE RISER PIPE FLANGE.
b) THE RISER PIPE SECTIONS ARE THEN JOINED USING BOLTS AND NUTS.
c) THE VERTICALITY AND LEVEL OF THE INSTALLED PIPES ARE CHECKED TO ENSURE PROPER
ALIGNMENT.
d) THE TEE BRANCH CONNECTORS ARE INSTALLED RIGHT AFTER.
e) THE RANGE PIPES OF THE SPRINKLER SYSTEM ARE THEN CONNECTED TO THE DISTRIBUTION PIPES.
f) THE SPRINKLER HEADS OF THE SYSTEM ARE THEN INSTALLED NEXT.
g) LASTLY, A HYDROSTATICS TEST IS CARRIED OUT TO CHECK FOR ANY SYSTEM LEAKAGES.
 SPRINKLER SYSTEM TYPES
• WET SYSTEM: THE SIMPLEST AND MOST WIDELY USED APPLICATION FOR WHICH THE
PIPEWORK IS PERMANENTLY CHARGED WITH WATER AT ALL TIMES

• ALTERNATIVE WET AND DRY SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL A WET SYSTEM, BUT DUE TO THE
SLIGHTLY SLOWER RESPONSE TIME AS AIR PRECEDES WATER

• TAIL END SYSTEM: USED IN A BUILDING WITH DIFFERENT INTERNAL FUNCTIONS SUCH AS A
MIX OF OFFICE ACCOMMODATION WITH AN UNHEATED STORAGE FACILITY.

• PRE-ACTION SYSTEM: USED WHERE THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT SPRINKLER HEADS MAY
BE ACCIDENTLY DAMAGED BY TALL EQUIPMENT OR PLANT SUCH AS A FORK-LIFT TRUCK.

• RECYCLING PRE-ACTION SYSTEM: A VARIATION OF THE PRE-ACTION SYSTEM, DESIGNED AS

A DAMAGE LIMITING INSTALLATION.

• CYCLING WET SYSTEM: IN PRINCIPLE SIMILAR TO THE RECYCLING PRE-ACTION SYSTEM

EXCEPT IT IS A NORMAL WET SYSTEM. IT FUNCTIONS IN CONJUNCTION WITH CEILING HEAT
DETECTORS WHICH WILL DISENGAGE THE WATER SUPPLY WITHIN A PRE-DETERMINED TIME
OF THE TEMPERATURE DROPPING.
• WATER SUPPLY THAT MAY BE USED FOR SPRINKLER
APPLICATIONS
• ELEVATED PRIVATE RESERVOIR MINIMUM VOLUME VARIES BETWEEN 9 M 3 AND 875 M 3

• SUCTION TANK SUPPLIED FROM A WATER MAIN. MINIMUM TANK VOLUME IS BETWEEN 2.5
M 3 AND 585 M 3.

• GRAVITY TANK USUALLY LOCATED ON A TOWER TO PROVIDE SUFFICIENT HEAD OR WATER

PRESSURE ABOVE THE SPRINKLER INSTALLATION.

• RIVER OR CANAL STRAINERS MUST BE FITTED ON THE LOWEST PART OF THE SUCTION
PIPES CORRESPONDING WITH THE LOWEST WATER LEVEL
PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS USED IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS.

THEY SHOULD BE LOCATED NEAR TO ROOM EXITS, IN CORRIDORS,

STAIRWAYS, LOBBIES AND LANDINGS. IF
THE CARRYING HANDLE OF A PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER WITH A
TOTAL GROSS MASS OF 4KG AND ABOVE SHOULD BE APPROXIMATELY
1 METRE FROM THE FLOOR.
WHERE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS CAN NOT BE WALL MOUNTED THE USE
OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER STANDS IS RECOMMENDED

INSTALLATION IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

1.THE MOUNTING BRACKET IS PLACED ON THE WALL.
2.A DRILL IS THEN USED TO DRILL THE TRACED HOLES
ON THE WALL. Types of portable fire extinguishers
3.A MOUNTING BACKET IS THEN FIXED ONTO THE  Water extinguishers
WALL BY SCREWING IT IN THE DRILLED HOLES.
 Foam extinguishers
4.THE LAST INSTALLATION STEP INVOLVES GETTING
THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER AND SNAPPING IT ONTO  Powder extinguishers
THE WALL MOUNTING BRACKET
 Carbon dioxide extinguishers (CO2)

 Wet chemical extinguishers

Wall bracket/mounts and stands
Fire blankets
Fire blankets are primarily for use on hot oil fires such as frying
pans or small deep fat fryers.
They work by smothering the fire, stopping access to the oxygen
fuelling it and extinguishing it.
Fire Detection
Every fire-extinguishing activity must start with detection.

Smoke detector
Fire detectors
Fusible type
Bi-metallic coil type
Fire-Alarm Systems in high rise buildings.
Fire alarm systems will alert occupants of a fire so they have
time to evacuate.
An alarm system that is not working can lead to a loss of lives

The mode of operation starts with initiating an alarm condition

which can be done manually or by automatic detection, and
responding to that alarm condition.
A fire alarm system consists of a central fire-alarm
control panel; perhaps several remote subpanels;
initiating devices, such as manual pull stations, smoke
detectors, sprinkler-flow switches; and alarm devices,
such as horns, gongs, and flashing lights.
It is essential that fire-alarm systems be designed to
interface with the HVAC system controls for unit smoke
detection and shutdown and for smoke-exhaust-system
control.
Emergency Egress in high rise buildings.
building designers should also provide the appropriate number, sizes, and arrangements of exits to permit quick evacuation of
occupants if fire or other conditions dangerous to life occur.
There should be more than one path to safety, so that loss of a single path will not prevent escape of occupants from a danger
area.

Exit access: That portion that leads to an entrance to an exit

Exit: The portion that is separated from all other building spaces by construction or equipment required to provide a
protected path to the exit discharge

Exit discharge: The portion that connects the termination of an exit to a public way Means of egress may be provided by
exterior and interior doors and enclosed horizontal and vertical passageways, including stairs and escalators.
Types of Exits in case of fire outbreak in high rise buildings.
Corridor Exterior stairs

Exit passageways Smokeproof tower

Exit doors Escalators

Horizontal exit Moving walks

Interior stairs
VERTICAL CONVEYORS IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS.
Quick, reliable and safe vertical circulation is an essential
feature of high rise buildings.
Staircases are still required as an alternative means of escape in
the event of a fire or when the lift or escalator is out of use.

Functional requirements of vertical mechanical conveyors.

• Safety

• Reliability and maintenance

• Quiet and smooth operation

• Speed

• Aesthetics

• Coordination and tolerances

• Electricity supply
Lifts (elevators) in high rise buildings.
The quality of the lift car will be determined by its function.
For example, a lift car finish for a passenger lift differ from finishes
for a goods lift.
Also accessible persons with disability.

Traction lifts
Operated by a system of pulleys and steel wires, powered from a lift
motor room usually positioned at the top of the lift shaft, or
sometimes within the basement.

a) Lift motor room

To accommodate the necessary equipment and allow access for
routine maintenance and replacement activities.

b) Non‐motor room option

This space‐saving design incorporates a cabinet with control
equipment that can be mounted on or recessed into a wall adjacent to
the lift shaft.
Non‐motor room option Lift motor room
Hydraulic lifts
an alternative to a traction lift.
Smaller lift pit than traction lifts.
A borehole ram, which extends into the ground, may be
used
• Life cycle maintenance costs may be lower.
• A hydraulic lift uses power only in the ascent.
• Energy savings may be possible, compared with traction
lifts.
• The hydraulic oil has a long lifespan and will usually
last the life of the lift.
• The hydraulic lift provides safe and convenient lowering
for passengers and service engineers alike

• An emergency button/switch will allow the lift to lower

automatically under gravity.
Lift function
The function of the lift will determine the size, safe loading,
speed and interior finish of the lift car.

Passenger lifts
a six person lift (450 kg) or eight person lift (630 kg). The speed
of the lift (both the response time to a call and the time to travel
between floors) will be a prime consideration for tall
buildings.

Home lifts

Firefighting lifts
These lifts and the protected lift shaft have an independent
electrical supply so that they can still function in a fire.
Goods lifts
The lift car is usually constructed from mild steel sheeting
Speed of the lift car is not a prime consideration.

Typical loadings range from 500 to 1500 kg.

The size of the lift car will depend on the type of goods being
transported between floors.

Stair lifts
is installed on a flight of stairs to allow safe access
between levels for disabled people.
In public buildings, it is common to provide stair lifts in
addition to lifts.

The stair lift may be designed to fold away when not in

use. A vertical platform lift comprises an open (or closed)
flat platform, with safety rails.
Trolley lifts
Trolley lifts provide a quick, safe and efficient way of
moving heavy loads on a trolley between different floor
levels. Typical loadings are 250 or 300 kg.
Service lifts
A service lift carries relatively small loads e.g. food,
drinks, beer crates, documents and laundry between
floors of buildings.
Service lifts are widely used in restaurants, pubs and
clubs
Typical maximum loadings are 50 or 100 kg.
Lift specification

• Capacity and waiting
times

• Door type

• Mounting

• Shaft size

• Finishes
• Consoles
Construction of the lift shaft.
The lift car must be supported on a loadbearing frame or may be self‐
supportive in a robust steel framework as prefabricated modules to improve
quality and also help with dimensional coordination to ensure that the shaft is
plumb.

Concrete lift shafts

Lift shafts are usually square or rectangular with a corresponding square or
rectangular lift car.
in situ reinforced concrete is commonly used to form the walls of the lift shaft.
the quality of the work carried out on the site is critical to ensure that the lift
shaft is built to the specified tolerances.
Tolerances are particularly important where the lift car and guide rails
are to be fixed to the walls and frame.
lift shafts should be constructed to high standards of verticality
therefore the shaft should not deviate from the vertical by more than
1/600 of the height

However, the total deviation throughout the full height of the building
must not be more than 50mm.
Installation process of lifts in high rise buildings
 Setting of a lift template and ensuring that they are on
plumb.
 Marking composition brackets positions and the respective
composition brackets fixed on the respective markings.
 Guide rails of length either 2.5 or 5 meters are assembled on
the corresponding composition brackets.
 Landing door installation. The position of the landing door is marked
and the door frame for the panels are fixed.
 Accessories for each component are fixed in place, operators and
mechanisms tested and pre adjusted.
 Machine base installation is done on top of the already installed guide
rails followed by the counter weight frame installation.
 The lift car frame is then installed followed by the installation of a
counter weight in the center frame.
 After checking for the alignment of the machine pulleys, machine
belts are put in place on the lift car frame.
 Safety gears are then installed.
 This is followed by the installation of OSG plus its bottom pulley on
the guide rails and then OSG roping is done.
 The lift car cabin is installed. The platform is fit on the cars
frame followed by the panels of the cabin. The cabin door
operators are installed on the cabin and car door panels.
 Electric wiring finally comes in so as to connect the lift
components to a power source.
Escalators and moving walkways in high rise buildings.
The moving parts rust free, escalators and walkways should not be used outside unless
they are adequately protected from rain and snow.

Escalators
Escalators move people vertically from one level to another.
They can be used to convey people over long distances and over more than one floor.

The escalator comprises a moving steel mat that moulds itself to the profile of the transport
system underneath forming a series of steps on which one stands until reaching the top or
bottom of the escalator.

A pit is required at the base of the escalator to house motors and associated equipment
covered with a steel plate, which can be removed for routine maintenance and repair.
Moving walkways
Moving walkways, or travelators, provide a flat moving surface to move
people horizontally where people would otherwise have to walk long
distances.
The idea is that people stand on the continually moving surface of the
walkway and are transported from one end to the other without the need to
walk.
A safety ‘stop’ button is positioned at the end of the walkway so that it can be
stopped in an emergency.

The walkway is positioned within a shallow pit in the floor slab. The depth of
the pit will, to a certain extent, be determined by the manufacturer to be used.
 HVAC SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS.

THE ABBREVIATED TERM HVAC STANDS FOR HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR
CONDITIONING SYSTEM.
THIS SYSTEM ONCE INSTALLED PROVIDES HEATING AND COOLING TO THE
OCCUPANTS OF A BUILDING.
 CENTRAL PLANT SYSTEM
• THIS SYSTEM IS USED WHERE THE AIR CONDITION CAN BE THE SAME THROUGHOUT THE
VARIOUS PARTS OF A BUILDING.
PARTS OF AN HVAC SYSTEM IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS.
• CHILLER/ AIR CONDITIONER.
• THIS UTILIZES HEAT EXCHANGES AND CIRCULATED FLUIDS OR GAS TO COOL THE AIR THAT IS PASSED THROUGH IT.
• AIR RETURN

• THIS IS THE PART OF THE SYSTEM THAT MARKS THE STARTING POINT OF THE VENTILATION CYCLE. THIS RETURN SUCKS THE
AIR, DRAWS IT THROUGH THE FILTER AND THEN PASSES IT INTO THE MAIN SYSTEM.
• OUTDOOR UNIT

• THIS IS ONE MOST THOUGHT OF PART WHEN SOMEONE MENTIONS HVAC, THE OUTDOOR UNIT HOUSES THE FAN WHICH
PROVIDES AIR FLOW. THE OUTDOOR UNIT IS SUPPOSED TO BE CLEAR OF DEBRIS AND VENTILATION.
• COMPRESSOR
• AS A PART OF THE OUTDOOR UNIT, THE COMPRESSOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CONVERTING REFRIGERANT FROM A GAS TO LIQUID
AND SENDS IT TO THE COILS. THE COMPRESSOR IS OFTEN THE CAUSE OF MANY SYSTEM FAILURES AND THEREFORE SHOULD BE
CHECKED WHEN SOMETHINGS AREN’T WORKING RIGHT.
• AIR HANDLER UNIT.

• THIS IS A FAN OR BLOWER WHICH MOVES AIR THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING IT IS INSTALLED IN. AXIAL TYPE ARE FAN TYPES
THAT MAY BE FOUND IN AN AIR HANDLER.
• AIR FILTERS.
• DEPENDING ON THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE OCCUPANTS AND THE ACTIVITIES IN THE BUILDING, VARIOUS GRADES OF FITTERS
ARE USED IN THE SYSTEM. GENERAL PURPOSE FILTERS WILL BE INCLUDED IN THE AIR HANDLER ITS SELF WHILE MORE FILTERS
MAY BE USED IN DOWNSTREAM DUCT WORK.
• DUCT WORK
• ROUND, SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR DUCT WORK PROVIDE A PASS OF AIR FROM THE AIR HANDLING UNIT TO THE
ENVIRONMENT WHERE IT IS REQUIRED.
• DUMPER.
• CONTROLS THE AMOUNT OF AIR FLOW THROUGH THE DUCT WORK. MANUAL DUMPERS ARE USED TO ENSURE THAT DIFFERENT
PARTS OF THE BUILDING RECEIVE PROPORTIONATE VENTILATION BASED ON AREA AND DEMAND.
• TERMINAL UNITS.
• THESE ARE DEVICES WHICH USE AUTOMATIC DUMPERS TO CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF AIR RECEIVED IN A GIVEN REGION.
• AN AUTOMATIC DUMPER IS CONTROLLED BY AN ELECTRIC DIGITAL ACTUATOR WHICH IS IN RETURN CONTROLLED BY A
THERMOSTAT. A SET OF REGIONS IN A BUILDING WITH SIMILAR HEAT NEEDS ARE CALLED ZONES HENCE ONE TERMINAL UNIT
AND ONE COMMON THERMOSTAT ARE INSTALLED IN EACH ZONE.
• HEATING COILS.
• THESE ARE INSTALLED AFTER TERMINAL UNITS TO PROVIDE HEATING IN A ZONE ON A ZONAL BASIS. THESE OFFER AN
EFFICIENT WAY OF PROVIDING HEAT FOR A FEW AREAS THAT REQUIRE IT AND ARE CONTROLLED BY THE THERMOSTAT SYSTEM
AS THE TERMINAL UNITS.
• LINING (ATTENUATOR).
• OFTEN INSTALLED FOLLOWING THE TERMINAL UNITS TO DAMP AND DISCHARGE NOISE.
• AIR FROM THE DUCTWORK ENTERS THROUGH GRILLES, REGISTERS OR DIFFUSERS OFTEN CALLED GRDS. DIFFUSERS DIRECT
THE AIR FLOW OUT OF THE OCCUPIED SPACE IN THE MOST EFFECTIVE MANNER POSSIBLE.
• AIR CIRCULATES THROUGH THE RETURN INLETS AND RETURNS TO THE AIR HANDLER. UNLIKE AN AIR OUTLET, A RETURN
REQUIRES NO VENTS HOWEVER, THE LOCATION OF THE AIR OUTLET AND INLET ARE CRITICAL IN THE OPERATION OF THE
SYSTEM
 VENTILATION

• VENTILATION IS UTILIZED FOR MANY DIFFERENT PURPOSES, THE MOST COMMON BEING
CONTROL OF HUMIDITY AND CONDENSATION. OTHER WELL-KNOWN USES INCLUDE
EXHAUST HOODS IN RESTAURANTS, HEAT REMOVAL IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, FRESH AIR IN
BUILDINGS, ODOUR REMOVAL, AND CHEMICAL AND FUME HOOD EXHAUSTS.
 METHODS OF VENTILATION
NATURAL VENTILATION.
•NATURAL VENTILATION IN BUILDINGS IS ACCOMPLISHED BY USE OF WINDOWS, LOUVERS,
SKYLIGHTS, ROOF VENTILATORS, ROOF MONITORS, JALOUSIES, INTAKE HOODS, ETC.
•THEY SHOULD BE LOCATED TO ADMIT FRESH AIR ONLY AND NOT NEAR SOURCES OF
SMOKE, DUST, ODOURS, OR POLLUTED AIR FROM ADJACENT SOURCES.
•DISCHARGE VENTS SHOULD ALSO BE PROVIDED TO ELIMINATE VITIATED AIR FROM THE
BUILDING. THE OUTLET LOCATIONS MUST NOT DISCHARGE TOWARD OTHER FRESH-AIR
INTAKES OF THE BUILDING OR ITS NEIGHBOURS.
•IN MULTI FLOOR BUILDINGS, VERTICAL VENT SHAFTS, OR RISERS, ARE USED TO SUPPLY
VENTILATION AIR THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING.
 MECHANICAL VENTILATION

• MECHANICAL VENTILATION IS ALMOST ALWAYS PREFERRED OVER NATURAL VENTILATION

BECAUSE OF RELIABILITY AND THE ABILITY TO MAINTAIN SPECIFIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS,
SUCH AS AIR CHANGES PER HOUR AND FACE VELOCITIES FOR EXHAUST HOODS.
• NATURAL VENTILATION PERMITS WIDE VARIATIONS IN VENTILATION-AIR QUANTITIES AND
UNCERTAIN DURATIONS OF VENTILATION.
• IN CRITICAL AREAS, SUCH AS IN CARCINOGENIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES, NATURAL
VENTILATION IS NEVER RELIED UPON. FOR THIS REASON, MECHANICAL VENTILATION
SYSTEMS ARE ALMOST ALWAYS USED WHERE VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS ARE CRITICAL
AND MUST BE HIGHLY RELIABLE.
 AIR CONDITIONING

• THE PROCESS OF ALTERING AIR SUPPLY TO CONTROL SIMULTANEOUSLY ITS HUMIDITY,

TEMPERATURE, CLEANLINESS, AND DISTRIBUTION TO MEET SPECIFIC CRITERIA FOR A
SPACE. AIR CONDITIONING MAY EITHER INCREASE OR DECREASE THE SPACE
TEMPERATURE.
• AIR CONDITIONING IS ACHIEVED BY DEVELOPING THE PRINCIPLES OF MOVING AIR IN
DUCTED VENTILATION SYSTEMS TO INCLUDE A NUMBER OF PHYSICAL AND SCIENTIFIC
PROCESSES WHICH ENHANCE THE AIR QUALITY. THE OBJECTIVE IS TO PROVIDE AND
MAINTAIN INTERNAL AIR CONDITIONS AT A PRE-DETER
 WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS.

• WATER SUPPLY IS THE CARRIAGE OF WATER FROM THE WATER SOURCE

THROUGH THE STREET MAINS TO THE BUILDING AND TO THE VARIOUS PARTS OF
THE BUILDING WHERE WATER IS USED.
 USE OF WATER IN HIGH RISE BUILDING

• TO MEET THE NEEDS OF OCCUPANTS.

• WATER NEEDS FOR FIRE PROTECTION.
• HEATING.
• AIR CONDITIONING.
• PROCESS USE.
SOURCES OF WATER FOR BUILDINGS INCLUDE

• PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

• GROUNDWATER
• SURFACE WATER.
 WHETHER TREATMENT SHOULD BE AT THE
SOURCE OR AFTER TRANSMISSION TO THE
POINT OF CONSUMPTION DEPENDS ON;
• HYDRAULIC FEATURES.
• PUMPING ENERGIES AND COST.
• POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF RAW WATER ON TRANSMISSION MAINS.
 TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDE

• SCREENING
• PLAIN SETTLING
• COAGULATION AND SEDIMENTATION
• FILTRATION
• DISINFECTION
• SOFTENING
• AERATION
 SOFTENING OF WATER

• THIS IS A PROCESS THAT MUST BE JUSTIFIED BY ITS NEED, DEPENDING ON USE

OF THE WATER. WITH A HARDNESS IN EXCESS OF ABOUT 150 PPM, THE COST OF
SOFTENING WILL BE OFFSET PARTLY BY THE REDUCTION OF SOAP REQUIRED
FOR CLEANING. 
 WATER SUPPLY FOR FIRE FIGHTING
PURPOSES
 THIS REQUIREMENT CAN BE MET WITH WATER FROM A MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY.
 PUMPS OR STORAGE IN AN ELEVATED WATER TANK SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO SUPPLY WATER AT
SUFFICIENT QUANTITIES AND PRESSURES.
 WATER SHOULD BE PROVIDED AT A PRESSURE OF AT LEAST 15 PSI RESIDUAL PRESSURE FOR LIGHT-
HAZARD OCCUPANCIES.
 20 PSI RESIDUAL PRESSURE FOR ORDINARY-HAZARD OCCUPANCIES.
 ACCEPTABLE FLOW AT THE BASE OF THE SUPPLY RISER IS 500 TO 700 GPM FOR 30 TO 60 MINUTES FOR
LIGHT-HAZARD OCCUPANCIES
 850 TO 1500 GPM FOR 60 TO 90 MINUTES FOR ORDINARY-HAZARD OCCUPANCIES.
 IF A BUILDING CANNOT BE REACHED BY A FIRE DEPARTMENT WITH ABOUT 250 FT OF HOSE, A PRIVATE
UNDERGROUND WATER SYSTEM, MAY HAVE TO BE PROVIDED.
 HYDRANTS SHOULD BE PLACED SO THAT ALL SIDES OF A BUILDING CAN BE REACHED WITH FIRE
HOSE.
 ‘‘LOOP-TO-GRID’’ SYSTEM
 MANY MUNICIPALITIES REQUIRE THAT THE WATER SYSTEM FOR A BUILDING SITE
BE A TYPE GENERALLY CALLED A ‘‘LOOP-TO-GRID’’ SYSTEM.
 IT CONSISTS OF PIPES THAT LOOP AROUND THE PROPERTY AND HAS A MINIMUM
OF TWO MUNICIPAL-WATER SYSTEM CONNECTIONS, AT OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE
LOOP, USUALLY AT DIFFERENT WATER MAINS OF THE MUNICIPAL SYSTEM
 WATER DISTRIBUTION IN HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

 THE WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM SHOULD BE SO LAID IN A WAY THAT, AT EACH

PLUMBING FIXTURE REQUIRING BOTH HOT AND COLD WATER, THE PRESSURES AT THE
OUTLETS FOR BOTH SUPPLIES ARE ALMOST EQUAL.
 MIXING VALVES MAY BE INSTALLED, IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE SUPPLY AT A HIGHER
PRESSURE FROM FORCING ITS WAY INTO THE LOWER-PRESSURE SUPPLY WHEN THE
VALVES ARE OPENED TO MIX HOT AND COLD WATER.
 SUITABLE PIPE SIZES AND TYPES SHOULD BE USED TO BALANCE LOSS OF PRESSURE
HEAD DUE TO FRICTION IN THE HOT AND COLD-WATER PIPES, DESPITE DIFFERENCES IN
PIPE LENGTHS AND SUDDEN LARGE DEMANDS FOR WATER FROM EITHER SUPPLY.
 GRAVITATIONAL DISTRIBUTION
THIS IS WHERE WATER FROM UPLAND
GATHERING GROUNDS IS IMPOUNDED IN A
RESERVOIR A POINT FROM WHICH THE
WATER IS FILTERED AND CHLORINATED
BEFORE IT IS SERVED TO AN INHABITED
AREA AT A LEVEL BELOW.
 PUMPED DISTRIBUTION
WATER EXTRACTED
FROM A RIVER IS
PUMPED INTO A
SETTLEMENT TANK,
WHERE IT IS FILTERED
AND CHLORINATED.
 RING MAIN DISTRIBUTION
WATER MAINS
SUPPLYING A TOWN OR
VILLAGE MAY BE IN
THE FORM OF A GRID.
 WATER MAINS.

WATER MAINS ARE

MANUFACTURED FROM A
DUCTILE CAST IRON AND
UPVC PIPES.
THE SELECTED MATERIAL
MUST BE COMPATIBLE
WITH THE WATER
CONSTITUENTS TO
PREVENT CORROSION AND
DECOMPOSITION OF THE
PIPES.
BEDDING OF MAINS IS USUALLY A
SURROUNDED WITH SHINGLE TO
ACCOMMODATE ANY MOVEMENT.
UPVC PIPES ARE PIGMENTED BLUE
FOR EASY IDENTIFICATION IN
FUTURE EXCAVATIONS AND CAST
IRON HAS A BLUE PLASTIC TAPE
ATTACHED FOR THE SAME REASON.
 CONNECTIONS TO WATER MAINS.
 THE MAIN IS DRILLED AND TAPPED LIVE
WITH SPECIAL EQUIPMENT, WHICH LEAVES
A PLUG VALVE READY FOR CONNECTION TO
THE COMMUNICATION PIPE.
 A GOOSE NECK OR SWEEPING BEND IS
FORMED AT THE CONNECTION TO RELIEVE
STRESSES ON THE PIPE AND VALVE.
 AT OR CLOSE TO THE PROPERTY
BOUNDARY, A STOP VALVE IS LOCATED
WITH AN ACCESS COMPARTMENT AND
COVER AT GROUND LEVEL. A METER MAY
ALSO BE LOCATED AT THIS POINT.
DETAILS OF WATER SUPPLY TO A BUILDING
 W ATE R M ETE RS .
WATERM ETERS ARE INSTALLED ONTHE SERVI CE PI PETOA BUILDINGTORECORDTHEAMOUNT OF WATERS UPPLYTOIT.

 THE METERS MAY BE INSTALLED INSIDE THE

BUILDING, FOR PROTECTION AGAINST
FREEZING, OR OUTSIDE, IN A VAULT BELOW
THE FROST LINE.
 METERS SHOULD BE EASILY ACCESSIBLE TO
METER READERS.
 METER SIZE SHOULD BE DETERMINED BY
THE MAXIMUM PROBABLE WATER FLOW
 WATER METERS ARE INSTALLED AT THE
DISCRETION OF THE LOCAL WATER
AUTHORITY.
 METERS ARE EITHER INSTALLED IN THE
COMMUNICATION PIPE, OR BY DIRECT
ANNULAR CONNECTION TO THE STOP VALVE..
 PIPE MATERIALS.
 COPPER, BRASS, POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC), POLYBUTYLENE, DUCTILE IRON, OR
GALVANIZED STEEL, IF THEY ARE APPROVED BY THE LOCAL CODE.
 WHEN MATERIALS FOR POTABLE-WATER PIPING ARE BEING SELECTED, CARE
SHOULD BE TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT THERE IS NO POSSIBILITY OF CHEMICAL
ACTION OR ANY OTHER ACTION THAT MIGHT CAUSE A TOXIC CONDITION.
 WATER VALVES.
THESE ARE DEVICES INCORPORATED IN PIPELINES TO CONTROL THE FLOW INTO, THROUGH, AND FROM THEM.

 THESE ARE DEVICES INCORPORATED IN PIPELINES TO CONTROL THE FLOW INTO,

THROUGH, AND FROM THEM.
 A FAUCET IS A VALVE INSTALLED ON THE END OF A PIPE TO PERMIT OR STOP
WITHDRAWAL OF WATER FROM THE PIPE.
 VALVES USUALLY ARE MADE OF CAST OR MALLEABLE IRON, BRASS, OR BRONZE.
 THE TYPES OF VALVES GENERALLY USED IN WATER-SUPPLY SYSTEMS ARE GATE,
GLOBE, ANGLE, BALL, AND CHECK VALVES.
 GATE VALVES
 CONTROL FLOW BY SLIDING A
DISK PERPENDICULAR TO THE
WATER FLOW TO FIT TIGHTLY
AGAINST SEAT RINGS WHEN A
HAND WHEEL IS TURNED.
 USED IN LOCATIONS WHERE IT
CAN BE LEFT COMPLETELY OPEN
OR CLOSED FOR LONG PERIODS OF
TIME.
 GLOBE VALVES
CONTROL THE FLOW BY CHANGING THE SIZE OF THE PASSAGE
THROUGH WHICH WATER CAN FLOW PAST THE VALVES
 TURNING A HAND WHEEL MOVES A DISK
ATTACHED AT THE END OF THE VALVE STEM TO
VARY THE PASSAGE AREA.
 WHEN THE VALVE IS OPEN, THE WATER TURNS
900 TO PASS THROUGH AN ORIFICE ENCLOSED
BY THE SEAT AND THEN TURNS 900 AGAIN PAST
THE DISK, TO CONTINUE IN THE ORIGINAL
DIRECTION.
 FLOW CAN BE COMPLETELY STOPPED BY
TURNING THE HAND WHEEL TO COMPRESS THE
DISK OR A GASKET ON IT AGAINST THE SEAT.
 THIS TYPE OF VALVE USUALLY IS USED IN
FAUCETS.
Angle valves

 Are similar to globe valves but eliminate one 900 turn of the water flow. Water is
discharged from the valves perpendicular to the inflow direction.

Check valves

 Are used to prevent reversal of flow in a pipe, a reverse flow forces the plug into the
opening, to seal it.

Ball valves

 Are quick-closing valves, which consist of a drilled ball that swivels on its vertical axis.
 COLD WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
• COLD WATER SYSTEM PROVIDE WATER FOR THE FOLLOWING PURPOSES
• DRINKING PURPOSE
• COOKING PURPOSE
• SANITARY PURPOSE
• WASHING PURPOSE
• GARDENING
• FIRE FIGHTING
 TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED TO PREVENT
CONTINUAL PUMP USE.

THE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

• THE SYSTEM USES COMPRESSED AIR WITHIN A PRESSURE VESSEL TO ASSIST THE
MAIN.
• THE PUMP FORCES THE WATER INTO THE PRESSURE VESSEL WHICH CONTAINS A
VOLUME OF AIR.
• ON REACHING THE DESIRED AIR LEVEL, THE PUMPING CEASES AND THE
COMPRESSED AIR NOW PROVIDES THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE WATER MAINS.
 THE HEADER STORAGE SYSTEM

THIS ARISES FROM THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE RISING MAIN WHICH OCCURS
JUST BEFORE CONNECTION TO THE ROOF LEVEL COLD WATER STORAGE TANKS.
 ENCLOSED TANK SYSTEM

STORAGE OF DRINKING WATER IS PERMISSIBLE PROVIDED AN ENCLOSED,

INSULATED AND VENTILATED TANK IS USED.
 FORMS OF ARRANGEMENTS IN ENCLOSED
TANK SYSTEM

THE FIRST ARRANGEMENT EMPLOYS HYGIENIC TANKS THAT STORE DRINKING

WATER FROM;
 ONE LARGE DRINKING WATER TANK TO SERVE ALL OUTLETS FROM ROOF LEVEL
 A SMALL TANK PROVIDED TO SERVE A NUMBER OF FLOORS IN A ZONING
 INDIVIDUAL TANKS TO EACH USER
AN ENCLOSED TANK
SYSTEM
ARRANGEMENT
 SECOND ARRANGEMENT

 A LARGE CAPACITY STORAGE TANK LOCATED AT GROUND LEVEL OR MOST

SUITABLY IN THE BASEMENT IS USED TO SUPPLY BOTH DRINKING WATER AND
GENERAL-PURPOSE WATER.
 THE WATER FROM THIS TANK IS PUMP ASSISTED TO ROOF LEVEL WHERE IT
FEEDS A TANK FOR DRINKING WATER SUPPLY UNDER GRAVITATIONAL PRESSURE
AND TO ANOTHER TANK FOR GENERAL PURPOSE WATER SUPPLY UNDER
GRAVITY.
 AN ENCLOSED
TANK SYSTEM
ARRANGEMENT
 DIRECT COLD-WATER SYSTEM
EVERY WATER OUTLET IS
DIRECTLY SUPPLIED FROM
THE MAIN, PUTTING UP
POSSIBILITY OF BACK
SIPHONAGE WHICH MUST BE
CONSIDERED.
 INDIRECT COLD-WATER SYSTEM
DESIGNED TO ONLY SUPPLY ONE DRINKING
WATER OUTLET, AT THE SINK.

 THE MINIMUM CAPACITY OF A COLD-WATER

CISTERN IS 230 LITRES, FOR LOCATION IN
THE ROOF SPACE OF A GIVEN BUILDING.
 THE INDIRECT SYSTEM PROVIDES AN
ADEQUATE EMERGENCY WATER STORAGE IN
CASE OF WATER MAIN FAILURE.
 MORE PIPEWORK IS REQUIRED
 THERE IS LESS CHANCE OF BACK
SIPHONAGE.
 LESS NOISE AND WEAR ON FITTINGS
 OPPORTUNITY TO INSTALL A BALANCED
PRESSURE SHOWER FROM THE CISTERN.
 COLD WATER STORAGE CISTERNS

• MANUFACTURED FROM EITHER GALVANISED MILD STEEL, POLYPROPYLENE OR GLASS

REINFORCED PLASTICS.
• MUST BE WELL INSULATED AND SUPPORTED ON ADEQUATE BEARERS TO SPREAD THE
CONCENTRATED LOAD.
• PLASTIC CISTERNS WILL REQUIRE UNIFORM SUPPORT ON BOARDING OVER BEARERS.
• A DUSTPROOF COVER IS ESSENTIAL TO PREVENT CONTAMINATION.
• FOR MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS EACH CISTERN MUST BE CAPABLE OF ISOLATION
AND INDEPENDENT OPERATION.
COLD WATER CISTERNS IN DUPLICATE
A SECTION OF A CISTERN
 PIPE SIZING IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS.

THE SIZE OF COLD-WATER SUPPLY MAINS IS DETERMINED BY;

 THE NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS MADE ON IT
 THE FREQUENCY WITH WHICH THE WATER IS DRAWN BY THE CONNECTIONS.
 THE MAINS PRESSURE ITS SELF FOR A GIVEN BUILDING.

THE SUPPLY MAINS’ DIAMETER IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS IS SIGNIFICANTLY SUPPOSED

TO BE LARGER THAN THE DIAMETER OF SUPPLY MAINS FOR LOW RISE BUILDINGS DUE
TO THE DIFFERENCES IN WATER DEMAND.
THE DIAMETER OF GRAVITY PRESSURE WATER SUPPLIES
WILL ALSO DEPEND ON THE FACTORS BELOW:

 PRESSURE AT THE WATER-SUPPLY SOURCE, USUALLY THE PUBLIC MAIN.

 PRESSURE REQUIRED AT THE OUTLETS OF EACH FIXTURE.
 LOSS OF PRESSURE BECAUSE OF HEIGHT OF OUTLETS ABOVE THE SOURCE,
PRESSURE LOSS DUE TO FRICTION CAUSED BY THE FLOW OF WATER THROUGH
WATER METERS AND BACKFLOW PREVENTERS, AND FRICTION FROM WATER FLOW
IN THE PIPING.
 LIMITATIONS ON VELOCITY OF WATER FLOW, TO PREVENT NOISE AND EROSION
 ADDITIONAL CAPACITY FOR FUTURE EXPANSION.
 BACK FLOW PREVENTION IN HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
 THE POSSIBILITY OF CONTAMINATION
OF WATER AS A RESULT OF
BACKFLOW SHOULD BE PREVENTED
BY PROTECTING THE MAINS WATER
SUPPLY AGAINST BACKFLOW.
 CONTAMINATION OF DOMESTIC
WATER SUPPLY SITUATIONS IS
PREVENTED BY INSTALLING DOUBLE
CHECK VALVES TO APPLIANCES OR
SYSTEMS WHICH COULD BE A RISK.
 HOT WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS

HOT WATER CAN BE GENERATED BY:

 USING BOILERS
 USING GAS HEATERS
 BY USING SOLAR
 USING ELECTRIC IMMERSION HEATERS
 DIRECT HOT WATER SUPPLY.
 the hot water from the boiler
mixes directly with the water
in the cylinder. if used in a
`soft' water area the boiler
must be rustproofed.
 the storage cylinder and
associated pipework should
be well insulated to reduce
energy losses.
 INDIRECT HOT WATER SYSTEM.
 THIS SYSTEM IS PREFERRED IN CASES OF
`HARD' WATER WITH A TARGET OF
PREVENTING SCALING OF THE BOILER AND
PRIMARY PIPEWORK.
 WATER IN THE BOILER AND PRIMARY CIRCUIT
IS NOT DRAWN OFF THROUGH THE TAPS. THE
SAME WATER CIRCULATES CONTINUOUSLY
THROUGHOUT THE BOILER, PRIMARY CIRCUIT
AND HEAT EXCHANGE COIL INSIDE THE
STORAGE CYLINDER.
 UNVENTED HOT WATER STORAGE SYSTEM
 THIS IS A SYSTEM THAT IS MEANT TO
SAVE SPACE AND INSTALLATION
COSTS
 THERE ARE NO COLD-WATER STORAGE
AND EXPANSION CISTERNS.
 AN INTERMEDIATE OR BREAK
PRESSURE CISTERNS FOR EACH
SUB-CIRCUIT IS USED TO
REDUCE WEAR ON FITTINGS BY
REDUCING THE HEAD OF WATER
ABOVE TAPS AND OTHER
OUTLETS TO 30M.
 HEAD TANKS ARE PROVIDED TO
ENSURE SUFFICIENT VOLUME
OF STORED HOT WATER AND
ADEQUATE DELIVERY TO THE
UPPER FLOORS.
DISPOSAL OF WATER FROM HIGH RISE
BUILDINGS
 TYPES OF
WASTEWATER
• DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
• STORM WATER
• INDUSTRIAL WASTE

• NOTE;
1)SEPARATE PLUMBING SYSTEM REQUIRED FOR EACH
2)DESIGN OF AN ADEQUATE PLUMBING SYSTEM REQUIRES CAREFUL PLANNING AND
ADHERENCE TO THE MUNICIPAL REGULATIONS GOVERNING THESE SYSTEMS.
 WATER DISPOSAL DRAINAGE SYSTEM

• COMBINED SYSTEM
• SEPARATE SYSTEM
• PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM
 TYPES OF GULLIES
• BACK INLET GULLY
• BEND OR TRAP GULLY
• YARD GULLY
• A RAIN WATER SHOE
• VENT PIPE
 MEANS OF ACCESS TO WASTE DRAINS.

• RODDING POINTS
• SHALLOW ACCESS CHAMBER
• INSPECTION CHAMBERS
• MANHOLES
 TESTS CARRIED OUT ON DRAINS
• DRAINS MUST BE TESTED BEFORE AND AFTER BACKFILLING TRENCHES

• SMOKE TEST
• AIR TEST
• WATER TEST
 MEANS OF WATER DISPOSAL

• SOAK AWAY PITS

• CESS POOL
• SEPTIC TANK