DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION The ancient file processing system Disadvantages of file processing system Concept of database Advantages of database management systems

Example: Savings Bank 1.Details of customers 2.Accounts details 3.Transaction made by customers 4.Transactions inside the bank 5.Updating of any details 6.Generation of monthly reports. etc 7.

Disadvantages of file processing system Data redundancy and inconsistency Difficulty in accessing data Data isolation Integrity problems Atomicity of updates Concurrent access by multiple users Security problems

Database Management Systems

sCollection of interrelated data sSet of programs to access the data sManage large bodies of information sDBMS contains information about a particular enterprise sDBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and

efficient to use.
sAdvantages can be categorized into three Providing maintenance of data Providing access to data Maintaining security of data

A Database Management System(DBMS) is the software system that allows users to define, create and maintain a database and provides controlled access to the data. Data in database is 1.Integrated: data redundancy is maximum eliminated 2.Shared: data can be shared among different users

Database Applications:

5Banking: all transactions 5Airlines: reservations, schedules 5Universities: registration, grades 5Sales: customers, products, purchases 5Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply
chain

5Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax

deductions

Data are of two types in database 1.The collection of information needed by the organization 2.metadata, which is the information about the database Data Dictionary or Catalog Information about the users, privileges and the internal structure of the database. Privileges mean the permissions of each user to access the database

TERMINOLGY Entity: things that exists and distinguishable; example; chair, person, qualification Attributes : entities have properties called attributes, which associate a value from a domain of values for that attribute with each entity in entity set. Key: an attribute or set of attributes whose values uniquely identify each entity in an entity set is called key for that entity set. Relationship: a relationship among entity sets is simply an ordered list of entity sets.

TERMINOLGY Data abstraction Physical level :how the data is actually stored Logical level :what data are stored in the database and what relationship exists among those data View level : users are shown only required information.

View of Data

Instances and Schemas

Schema the logical structure of the database Instance the actual content of the database at a particular point in time

5Physical schema: database design at the physical level 5Logical schema: database design at the logical level 5Subschema: several subschema are there for view level

Data independence

The ability to modify a schema definition in one level without affecting a schema definition in the next higher level is called data independence.

Physical data independence: is the ability to modify the physical schema without causing application programs to be rewritten. Logical data independence: is the ability to modify the logical schema without causing application to be rewritten.

Database languages
Data definition language : Specification notation for defining the database schema. A database schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called data definition language. (DDL). DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary. Data Manipulation Language: A data manipulation language (DML) is a language that enables users to access or manipulate data as organized by the appropriate model. There are two types Procedural DML: require a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data. Non-procedural DML: require a user to specify what are needed without specifying how to get those data.