FOTOSINTESIS

Energi sinar matahari

 Reduction Reaction
• The gain of electrons to a substance.
• Or the loss of oxygen.
oxygen

Reduction

6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

glucose
 Breakdown of Photosynthesis
• Two main parts (reactions).

1. Light Reaction or
Light Dependent Reaction

Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the

form of ATP and NADPH.
NADPH
 Breakdown of Photosynthesis
2. Calvin Cycle or
Light Independent Reaction or
Carbon Fixation or
C3 Fixation

Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light rxn to

make sugar (glucose).
 Photosynthesis Dark Reaction

H 2O CO2
Light Reaction

Energy
H+
ATP and
Which splits NADPH2

water

Light is Adsorbed ADP + P ATP NADP + H NADPH

By
Chlorophyll

Chloroplast

Calvin Cycle
O2
Dark Reaction C6H12O6
Light Reaction
 1. Light Reaction (Electron Flow)
• Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes

• During the light reaction,

reaction there are two possible
routes for electron flow.
flow

A. Cyclic Electron Flow

B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
Diagram Reaksi Terang
 A. Cyclic Electron Flow

• Occurs in the thylakoid membrane.

membrane
• Uses Photosystem I only
• P700 reaction center- chlorophyll a
• Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
• Generates ATP only

ADP + P ATP
 A. Cyclic Electron Flow

Primary e-
SUN Electron
Acceptor

e- e- ATP
produced
Photons by ETC
e-
P700
Accessory
Pigments
Photosystem I
 B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
• Occurs in the thylakoid membrane

• Uses PS II and PS I

• P680 rxn center (PSII) - chlorophyll a

• P700 rxn center (PS I) - chlorophyll a

• Uses Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

• Generates O2, ATP and NADPH

 B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
Primary
Electron 2e-
Acceptor
Enzyme
Primary Reaction
2e-
Electron
Acceptor
2e-
ETC

SUN 2e-
2e- NADPH
P700
Photon ATP
P680 Photon
H2O Photosystem I

1/2O2 + 2H+ Photosystem II

 B. Noncyclic Electron Flow
• ADP + P  ATP
(Reduced)

• NADP+ + H  NADPH
(Reduced)

• Oxygen comes from the splitting of H2O, not

CO2

H2O  1/2 O2 + 2H+

(Oxidized)
 Chemiosmosis
• Powers ATP synthesis.
synthesis

• Located in the thylakoid membranes.

membranes

• Uses ETC and ATP synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.

• Photophosphorylation: addition of phosphate to

ADP to make ATP.
ATP
 Chemiosmosis
SUN (Proton Pumping)
H+ H +

Thylakoid E
PS II T PS I
C

high H+
H H
+ +
concentration
H+ H + H + H+

Thylakoid
H+ ATP Synthase Space

ADP + P low H+
ATP
H+ concentration
Daur Reaksi Gelap (Daur Calvin)
Diagram Reaksi Terang dan Gelap
dari Fotosintesis
 Calvin Cycle
• Remember: C3 = Calvin Cycle

C3

Glucose
 Photorespiration
• Occurs on hot, dry, bright days.
days

• Stomates close.

• Fixation of O2 instead of CO2.

• Produces 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar

molecules.
molecules

• Produces no sugar molecules or no ATP.

 Photorespiration
• Because of photorespiration:
photorespiration Plants have special
adaptations to limit the effect of photorespiration.
photorespiration

1. C4 plants
2. CAM plants
 Daur C4 (Hatch-Slack)

bentuk senyawa HCO3

Daur C4 (Hatch-Slack)
 C4 Plants
Malate Malate
C-C-C-C C-C-C-C
Transported CO2
CO2 C3

Vascular
Tissue
glucose
C-C-C
PEP ATP
C-C-C
Pyruvic Acid

Mesophyll Cell Bundle Sheath Cell

 CAM Plants
• Hot, dry environments.
environments
• 5% of plants (cactus and ice plants).
• Stomates closed during day.
• Stomates open during the night.
night
• Light rxn - occurs during the day.

• Calvin Cycle - occurs when CO2 is present.

CAM (Crassulacean
( Acid Metabolism) Plants

Night (Stomates Open) Day (Stomates Closed)

Vacuole

C-C-C-C C-C-C-C C-C-C-C

CO2 Malate Malate
Malate

CO2
C3

C-C-C
ATP C-C-C glucose
PEP
Pyruvic acid
 Question:
• Why would CAM plants close their stomates during
the day?