Wired LANs

IEEE STANDARDS

• In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started

a project, called Project 802,
• In order to set standards and to enable
intercommunication among equipment from a
variety of manufacturers.
• Project 802 is a way of specifying functions of the
physical layer and the data link layer of major
LAN protocols.
IEEE standard for LANs
Figure 1 HDLC frame compared with LLC and MAC
frames
STANDARD ETHERNET

The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s

Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).
Since then, it has gone through four generations. We
briefly discuss the Standard (or traditional) Ethernet
in this section.
Figure 2 Ethernet evolution through four
generations
Standard Ethernet
Figure 3 802.3 MAC
frame
Minimum and maximum lengths
Note

Frame length:
Minimum: 64 bytes (512 bits)
Maximum: 1518 bytes
(12,144 bits)
Figure 4 Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation
Figure 5 Unicast and multicast
addresses
Note

The least significant bit of the first byte

defines the type of address.
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast;
otherwise, it is multicast.
Note

The broadcast destination address is a

special case of the multicast address in
which all bits are 1s.
Categories of Standard Ethernet
 Encoding in a Standard Ethernet
implementation
10Base5 implementation
10Base2 implementation
10Base-T implementation
10Base-F implementation
Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations
CHANGES IN THE STANDARD

The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through

several changes before moving to the higher data
rates. These changes actually opened the road to the
evolution of the Ethernet to become compatible with
other high-data-rate LANs.

Bridged Ethernet
Switched Ethernet
Full-Duplex Ethernet
 Sharing
bandwidth
 A network with and without a
bridge
Collision domains in an unbridged network and a bridged network
Switched Ethernet
Full-duplex switched Ethernet
 FAST ETHERNET

Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN

protocols such as FDDI or Fiber Channel. IEEE
created Fast Ethernet under the name 802.3u.
Fast Ethernet is backward-compatible with Standard
Ethernet, but it can transmit data 10 times faster at a
rate of 100 Mbps.

Topics discussed in this section:

MAC Sublayer
Physical
Layer
 Fast Ethernet
topology
Fast Ethernet implementations
 Encoding for Fast Ethernet
implementation
Summary of Fast Ethernet implementations
GIGA BIT ETHERNET

The need for an even higher data rate resulted in the

design of the Gigabit Ethernet protocol (1000 Mbps).
The IEEE committee calls the standard 802.3z.

Topics discussed in this section:

MAC Sublayer
Physical
Layer
Ten-Gigabit
Ethernet
Note

In the full-duplex mode of Gigabit

Ethernet, there is no collision;
the maximum length of the cable is
determined by the signal attenuation
in the cable.
Topologies of Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet implementations
Encoding in Gigabit Ethernet implementations
Summary of Gigabit Ethernet implementations
Summary of Ten-Gigabit Ethernet implementations
end