Chapter 3

1
Atomic Mass

• amu = Average Atomic Mass Unit

• Based on 12C as the standard.
• 12C = exactly 12 amu
• The average atomic mass (weight) of an element is equal to the sum
of the products of each isotope’s mass (in amu) multiplied by it’s
relative abundance.

2
EXAMPLE OF AVERAGE ATOMIC
MASS PROBLEM
 Naturally occurring chlorine is 75.53% 35Cl
which has an atomic mass of 34.969 amu, and
24.47% 37Cl, which has an atomic mass of
36.966 amu.

 Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine.

3
 EXAMPLE OF AVERAGE ATOMIC
MASS PROBLEM (CONT)
 Average atomic Mass = [ (%/100) (Atomic
Mass) ]
 Average atomic mass =
(0.7553) (34.969 amuCl35) + (0.2447) (36.966 amuCl37)

= 26.41 amu + 9.045 amu

= 35.46 amu
4
Formula Weight

• AKA: molar mass (g/mol)

• Sum of all atomic weights of each atom in its chemical formula

Ex: H2S04

1(2H) + 32(1S) + 16(4O) = 98 amu

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 MOLE
Avogadro’s Number

• 1 mole of any substance

is
6.02 x 1023 particles

6
 Question

• How many nitrogen

atoms are in 0.25 mol of
Ca(NO3)2

7
 Answer

6.02 x 1023 molec Ca(NO3)2 x_2N___ X .25

1 mol molec Ca(NO3)2

= atoms

8
 Law of Conservation of Mass

• Mass is never created or

destroyed
Lavosier Says :
2 Na + Cl 2  2NaCl
• Reason for balancing
46.0 g 70.9 g 116.9 g
chemical equations

9
 Balancing Equations

1. Write the correct formulas for the reactants and

the products
2.Chose the compound that has the greatest number
of atoms, then look to the element in that
compound that has the greatest number of atoms.
3.Balance this element first by placing a coefficient
in front of the corresponding compound on the
other side of the equation.

10
Balancing Equations Cont.

4. Balance H then O

5. Check all coefficients to see that they are in the lowest possible
ratio.

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 Examples:

C2H6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

C2H6O + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

CaCO3 + H3PO4 -> Ca3(PO4)2 + CO2 + H2O

12
 ANSWER

2C2H6 + 7O2 -> 4CO2 + 6H2O

C2H6O + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 3H2O

3CaH6O3 + 2H3PO4 -> Ca3(PO4)2 + 3CO2 + 3H2O

13
 Percent Composition

We can describe composition in two ways

1. number of atoms
2. % (by mass) of its elements.

We can find % mass from formula mass, by comparing each element

present in 1 mole of compound to the total mass of 1 mole of
compound

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 Example of % Comp

• Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in Ca(NO3)2

15
Answer

% N = # N atoms(m.w N) X 100%
m. w Ca(NO3)2

% N = 2(14.02 N amu) X 100%

164.12 Ca(NO3)2amu

= 17%

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Inter-converting

Grams -> moles -> molec -> atoms

How many oxygen atoms are present in 4.20 grams NaHCO3?

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 Answer

4.20 g NaHCO3 (1mole NaHCO3) (6.02E 23molec) 3 Oxygen atoms

84 g NaHCO3 1 mol 1 molec NaHCO3

= 9.033 x 10 22 atoms of Oxygen in 4.20 grams NaHCO3

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Question

• Determine the mass in grams of

3.00 x 1020 N2 molecules

19
 Answer

3.00 x 1020 molec N2 (1 mol) (28g N2)

6.02E23 molec 1 mol N2

= 0.0140 g

20
Determining empirical formula from
mass percent
• Recall: Empirical formula: simplest whole # ratio of atoms in a
compound.

Example: Vitamin C is composed of 40.92% C, 4.58% H, and 54.50% O

by mass. What is the empirical formula?

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 Answer: CHO

1. Convert mass % into grams (assume 100g)

2. Convert grams to moles
3. Divide each mol by the smallest number of moles present.
You may round to nearest whole #

40.92 g C 1mol C = 3.4 moles C /3.4 = 1 C

12 g C

54.40 g O 1mol O = 3.4 moles O / 3.4 = 1 O

16g O

4.48 g H 1mol H = 4.48 moles H/ 3.4 = 1 H

1gH
22
 Determine Molecular formula from
Empirical Formula
Recall: Molecular formula: the exact formula of a molec, giving types
of atoms and the number of each type.

1. Using mass % and molar mass, determine mass of each element

in 1 mole of compound
2. Determine number of moles of each element in 1 mole of
compound
3. The integers from the previous step represent the subscripts in
the molecular formula

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 Let’s look back at our work
40.92 g C 1mol C = 3.4 moles C /3.4 = 1 C
12 g C

54.40 g O 1mol O = 3.4 moles O / 3.4 = 1 O

16g O

4.48 g H 1mol H = 4.48 moles H/ 3.4 = 1.3 H

1gH

C3H4O3 = molecular formula

24
 Shortcut
n = Molecular Weight
empirical Formula Weight

The molecular weight of butyric acid is

88 amu. If the empirical formula is C2H4O. What is the molecular
formula?

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C2H4O = 12 + 12+ 1+1+1+1+16 = 44 amu

n = 88 amu = 2
44

Molecular formula = (empirical)n

(C2H4O)2 = Molecular Formula = C4H8O2

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 Stoichiometry: mixing exactly enough chemical
so that all is used
Mass-Mass problems

g given  mol given  mol required  g required

(grams to moles to moles to grams)

27
Silicon carbide is made by heating silicon dioxide to
high temperatures.

SiO2 (s) + 3C (s)  SiC(s) + 2CO (g)

How many grams of CO are formed by complete rxn of

5.00 g SiO2?

AP EXAM HINT: always make sure your equation is

balanced first or mole ratios will be wrong.

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Given: 5.00 g SiO2
Find : CO g

SiO2 (s) + 3C (s)  SiC(s) + 2CO (g)

grams to moles to moles to grams

5.00 g SiO2 1mol SiO2 2 mol CO 28 g CO = 4.6 g CO

60 g SiO2 1 mol SiO2 1 mol CO

Mole ratio 29
How many moles of sulfuric acid would be needed to produce 4.80 moles of
molecular iodine (I2) according to the following balanced equation.

10HI + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4  5I2 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

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4.80 mol I2 3 mol H2SO4 = 2.88 mol H2SO4
5 mol I2

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 Limiting reagent
This will be at least 1 AP question!

The number of products that can form is limited by the amount of

reactant present.

The limiting reactant is the one that gives the least amount of product.

Reactants  Products

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When a mixture of silver and sulfur is heated, silver sulfide is formed:

16 Ag (s) + S8 (s)  8 Ag2S (s)

What mass of Ag2S is produced from a mixture of 2.0 g of Ag and 2.0 g of S?

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2.0 g Ag 1mol Ag 8 mol Ag2S 247.9 g Ag2S
107.9 g Ag 16 mol Ag 1 mol Ag2S

= 2.3 g Ag2S

2.0 g S8 1mol S8 8 mol Ag2S 247.9 g Ag2S

256.8 S8 1 mol S8 1 mol Ag2S

= 15 g Ag2S

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Theoretical / Percent yield

• The amount of product that is calculated based on the limiting

reactant.

% Yield = Actual yield X 100%

theoretical yield

35
HW

• 67-71 odd 81-82,95,98,100

36
Types of reactions

37
Chemical Reactivity
Combination/Synthesis Reaction:
2 or more substances react to form one new product
A+B C

+ 

38
solid magnesium and oxygen gas react to produce
solid magnesium oxide

2Mg (s) + O2(g)  2MgO (s)

Metal nonmetal ionic compound

Diatomic
2+ 2- 39
 Decomposition Rxn

• One substance undergoes a reaction to produce two or more substances.

• Typically occurs when things are heated.
AX  A + X

 +

40
Solid calcium carbonate reacts to produce solid
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide gas

CaCO3 (s)  CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

2+ (2-) 2+ 2- 4+ 2(2-)

41
 Single displacement

• One element replaces a similar element in a compound

A + BX  AX + B
BX + Y  BY + X

+  +

42
Solid copper is dissolved in aqueous silver nitrate to produce solid silver and
aqueous copper nitrate.

Cu(s) + AgNO3 (aq) Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq)

Write the sentence for this reaction:

Fe (s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq)  Fe(NO3)2 (aq)+ Cu (s)

43
 Double Replacement Rxn/
Metathesis
• The ions of two compounds exchange places in an
aqueous solution to form two new compounds.

AX + BY  AY + BX

• One of the compounds formed is usually a

precipitate, an insoluble gas that bubbles out of
solution, or a molecular compound, usually water.

44
Double Replacement Rxn/
Metathesis

AX + BY  AY + BX

+  +

45
Write the sentence for these double replacement
reactions

KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq)  K2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

FeS (aq) + HCl (aq)  FeCl2 (aq) + H2S (aq)

46
 Combustion Reaction

A substance combines with oxygen, releasing a large

amount of energy in the form of light and heat.

C3H8 (g)+ 5O2 (g)  3CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

Usually CO2 (carbon dioxide) / CO (carbon monoxide) and

water are produced.

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• Reactive elements combine with oxygen

P4(s) + 5O2(g)  P4O10 (s)

(This is also a synthesis reaction)

• The burning of natural gas, wood, gasoline

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

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