INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Telecommunication & Computer Networks

Lecture 9
 TOPICS to be COVERED
9.1 Characteristic of Cables

9.2 Wireless Communication Channels

9.3 Factors Affecting How Data is Transmitted

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 UNIT 9.1

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Characteristics of Cables

Twisted-Pair Wire Characteristics:

• Slow.
• Does not protect well against electrical interference.
• Prevalent! Used extensively in telephone lines.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Characteristics of Cables

Coaxial Cable Characteristics:

• Better than twisted-pair wiring at resisting noise.
• Carries voice & data at faster rate than twisted-pair.
• Widely used in cable television.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Characteristics of Cables

Fiber-Optic Cable Characteristics:

• Unaffected by random electromagnetic interference.
• Lighter and more durable than twisted-pair and & coax-
ial cable.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 UNIT 9.2

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Wireless Communication Channels
Short-Range Wireless Communications:
• Infrared Transmission – The transmission of data signals
using infrared-light waves.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Wireless Communication Channels
Short-Range Wireless Communications:
• Bluetooth – A short-range wireless digital standard aimed
at linking cellphones, PDA’s, computers, & peripherals up
to distance of 30 feet.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Wireless Communication Channels
Short-Range Wireless Communications:
• Wi-Fi – A short-range wireless digital standard aimed at
helping machines inside offices to communicate at high
speeds and share internet connections at distances up to
300 feet.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Wireless Communication Channels
Short-Range Wireless Communications:
• HomeRF – A separate, incompatible standard designed to
network up to 10 PC’s & peripherals as far as 150 feet
apart.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Wireless Communication Channels
Long-Range Wireless Communications:
• Broadcast Radio – A wireless transmission medium that
sends data over long distances between regions, states, or
countries.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Wireless Communication Channels
Long-Range Wireless Communications:
• Microwave Radio – Transmits voice & data through the
atmosphere as super-high-frequency radio waves called
microwaves. .

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 UNIT 9.3

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Factors Affecting How Data is Transmitted

Transmission Rate – A function to two variables:

• Frequency – The cycles of waves per seconds.
• Bandwidth – The range between the highest & lowest frequencies.
Note:
•Higher frequency => Greater transmission rate.
•Larger bandwidth => Greater transmission rate.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Factors Affecting How Data is Transmitted
Line Configurations:
• Point-to-point Line – Directly connects the sending &
receiving devices.

• Multipoint Line – A single line that interconnects sev-

eral communications devices to one computer.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Factors Affecting How Data is Transmitted

Serial vs. Parallel Transmission:

• Serial Data Transmission – Bits are transmitted sequentially,
one after the other.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Factors Affecting How Data is Transmitted

Serial vs. Parallel Transmission:

• Parallel Data Transmission – Bits are transmitted through
separate lines simultaneously.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Factors Affecting How Data is Transmitted

Directions of Transmission:
– Simplex transmission.
– Half-duplex transmission.
– Full-duplex transmission.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Factors Affecting How Data is Transmitted

Directions of Transmission:
• Simplex Transmission – Data travels in a single direction
only.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Factors Affecting How Data is Transmitted

Directions of Transmission:
• Half-Duplex Transmission – Data travels in either
direction but only one way at a time.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Factors Affecting How Data is Transmitted
Directions of Transmission:
• Full-Duplex Transmission – Data travels in both direc-
tions, both ways at the same time.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Factors Affecting How Data is Transmitted
Transmission Mode: Asynchronous vs. Synchronous
• Asynchronous Transmission – Data is sent one byte at a
time, with each string of bits making up the byte bracketed
with special control bits.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 Factors Affecting How Data is Transmitted
Transmission Mode: Asynchronous vs. Synchronous
• Synchronous Transmission – Data is sent in blocks, with
start and stop bit patterns (synch bytes) at the beginning
and the end of the blocks.

Reference:
[Book By :Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow 15th International Edition, Deborah
Morley and Charles S. Parker.]
 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

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