热力学方法讲座

华南理工大学化学工程研究所
陆恩锡
重点内容
☆ 热力学方法概述
☆ 状态方程模型
☆ 液体活度系数模型
☆ 通用关联式
☆ 二元相互作用参数的选用和估算
流程模拟箴言
热力学方法的用途
• 分离过程计算
– distillation, stripping, evaporation, extraction
– Require accurate VLE and LLE calculation
• 换热器设计和核算
– 要求焓值及其它性质计算
• 压缩机、膨胀机设计
– 要求熵值及其它性质计算
• 塔水力学计算，管线阻力降、直径计算
– 要求传递性质计算
热力学方法应用步骤
☆ 确定物系的性质：极性或非极性物质
☆ 选择适合物系的正确的热力学模型 .
1 、非极性物质－状态方程法或通用关联式法；
2 、极性物质－活度系数法；
•确定该物系的关键二元对 .
•核实该关键二元对的相互作用参数 .
•估算缺少的其它二元对的相互作用参数 .
相平衡基础
什么是相平衡常数 ?
• K-values 定义为：
yi
Ki 
xi

• 相平衡常数是温度、压力和
气液相组成的函数 .
理想气体（ Ideal gas ）

• 理想气体为纯组分气体或气体混合
物，凡服从理想气体状态方程
(Ideal gas equation of state) 的
气体为理想气体 :
PV=RT
理想溶液（ Ideal solution ）

• 理想溶液是指构成溶液的各个纯组分在混合前和形成溶液后体积不变，
并且无混合热的混合物系统；
• 需指出的是这里所述的溶液系指广义的溶液，它包括气相混合物和液相
混合物；
• 理想溶液不一定是理想气体；但理想气体必定是理想溶液；
• 一个气液系统可以气相是理想溶液，而液相是非理想溶液，反之亦然；
理想溶液和非理想溶液划分
• 低压下（绝压小于 2atm ），轻烃类混合物的气相可
以认为是理想气体；中压下（绝压 15 ～ 20atm ），
轻烃类混合物的气相可以认为是理想溶液，但不是理
想气体；高压下，轻烃类混合物的气相是非理想溶液。
• 对于理想溶液，相平衡常数 K 为压力和温度的函数 :
K=f(P, T)
• 对于非理想溶液，相平衡常数 K 为压力、温度和组成
的函数：
K=f(P, T, Xi)
理想气体和理想溶液相平衡常数
的计算
• 道尔顿定律

当气体为理想气体时，气体总压 P 为各个
组分分压的总和：
P=P1+P2+…+Pn ＝∑ Pi
Pi=P Yi
 yi pi0
ki  
ki p

理想气体和理想溶液相平衡常数
的计算
• 拉乌尔定律
当液体为理想溶液时，溶液中 i 组分
的饱和分压等于该纯组分在与气相相
同温度时的饱和分压乘以该组分的液
相分子分数：
Pi=Pi0Xi
理想气体和理想溶液相平衡常数
的计算
• 拉乌尔定律和道尔顿定律联立 ,
得到相平衡常数计算公式：
0
yi Pi
Ki  
xi P
实际体系相平衡常数计算

• 对于实际体系，如高压下烃类混合
物为非理想溶液，不服从道尔顿定
律和拉乌尔定律，此时以上公式已
不适用。需采用逸度、逸度系数和
活度系数来处理非理想溶液的气液
相平衡关系。
 实际体系相平衡常数计算的
三类方法
1 、状态方程法
2 、活度系数法
3 、通用关联式法
状态方程法
• K-values 计算
yi il
Ki   v
xi 
i

• 气液两相的逸度系数均由状态方程计
算
立方型状态方程
立方型状态方程

• Van der Waals (1873)

• Redlich-Kwong (1949)

• Soave-Redlich-Kwong (1972)

• Peng-Robinson (1976)
立方型状态方程
☆ 优点
• 可用于气液两相；
• 方程相对较简单，计算快速，省时；
• 覆盖温度压力范围广；
• 可用于临界区的 K-values 计算；
• 可处理超临界组分；
• 计算其它热力学性质具有热力学一致性；
立方型状态方程
☆ 局限性 :
• 限于非极性或轻微极性的物系；

• 液相密度预测准确性较差；

• 靠近临界区时，液相焓值计算准确
性较差；
立方型状态方程

• Van der Waals (1873)

RT a
P= 
v  b ( v )( v )

• Redlich-Kwong (1949)
RT a/T 1/ 2
P= 
v  b ( v )( v  b )
立方型状态方程
• Soave-Redlich-Kwong (1972)
RT a
P= 
v  b ( v )( v  b )

• Peng-Robinson (1976)
RT a
P= 
v  b (v  0.414 b)(v  2.414 b)
立方型状态方程 -Φi 计算

• PR 方程 Φi 计算
fk bk A
ln  ( Z  1)  ln(Z  B ) 
xk P b 2 2B
2 i X i aik bk Z  2.414 B
(  ) ln( )
a b Z  2.414 B
立方型状态方程关键计算内容

• 临界约束；
• Alpha 函数 – 纯组分需符合气相
压力数据，用于预测和温度相关的
方程参数 “ a” ；
• 混合规则 – 与混合物符合，确定
混合物的相关其它方程参数；
SRK 方程分析
• Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation
RT a c ( T )
P  
v  b v(v  b)

•b 与温度无关
•a 是温度的函数
a( T ) = ( T ) a( T )
c
SRK 方程分析

• 临界点约束 R 2 Tci2 RTci

a ci  0. 42747 , b ci  0. 08664
Pci Pci

无因次公式
P P
A i  a ci  i 2 2 , Bi  b i
RT RT
ai 与温度相关的表达式
SRK 方程分析
• Alpha 函数
–Soave
 ( T )=[ 1 + m ( 1  Tr0.5 )] 2

m  0.480 + 1.574  0.175 2

SRK 方程分析
• 混合规则
P P
A i  a ci  i 2 2 , Bi  b i
RT RT
Amix, Bmix = ???

A    y i y j (1  k ij )( A i A j )1 2 B   y i Bi
i j i

• kij －二元相互作用参数
(T) Function
• Redlich-Kwong equation (1949):
( T ) =1/Tr0.5

• Wilson (1964) was the first to

introduce that a is a function of
temperature:
a( T ) = ( T ) a( T )
c

 ( T )  [ Tr ( 1.57 1.62 )( 1Tr )].

ALPHA 函数
(T) Function
• Soave modification to RK equation
 ( T )=[ 1 + m ( 1  Tr0.5 )] 2

m  0.480 + 1.574  0.175 2

• Regression of 61 components: mostly

hydrocarbons
• Major step in the generalization of CEOS
(T) Function
• Peng and Robinson (1976) inherited
Soave’s (T)
– Regressed a larger data set
– Still not completely generalized form

 ( T )=[ 1 + m ( 1  Tr0.5 )] 2

m  0.3746 + 1.5422  0.2699 2

Problems With Soave’s (T)
• Poor vapor pressure prediction at low Tr
• Becomes zero at finite temperature and then
rises again with increasing temperature
• Not reliable for extrapolation to high acentric
factor because of 4th order dependence on

• Cannot be applied to polar components
Advanced (T) Functions

• Soave (1979)
( T )1  m( 1 Tr )  n( 1 / Tr  1 )

• Boston-Mathias (1980)
C ( 1T C2 )
 ( T )e 1 r

• Mathias-Copeman (1983)
0 .5 0.5 2 0 .5 3 2
( T )[ 1 C1( 1Tr )  C2( 1Tr )  C3( 1Tr ) ]
Advanced (T) Functions

• Mathias (1983)
0.5 0.5
( T )[ 1  C1( 1  Tr )  C2( 1 Tr )( 0.7  Tr )] 2

• Twu et al. (1991):

N( M 1 ) L( 1TrN M )
( T ) Tr e
Advanced (T) Functions

• Twu et al. (1995):

 ( T ) ( 0)( T ) + ( (1)( T )   (0)( T ) )

where
N( M 1 ) L( 1TrN M )
( T ) Tr e
Advanced (T) Functions
• SIMSCI (T)
– Supported by a databank with
parameters for over 1100 components.
– Default for all CEOS EXCEPT SRK & PR.
For these, their original form’s the default
but SimSci form can be specified.
混合规则和二元相互作用参数
VdW Type Mixing Rules

• Van der Waals one-fluid mixing rules

a   xi xj ai aj  1  kij 
i j

b   xibi
i

• Used in SRK and PR CEOS

Binary Interaction Parameters

• 对 VLE 计算十分重要；
• 对烃类混合物，组分分子大小相类似，
k12 = k21
• 不能用于含强极性或缔合组分的非对
称系统；
液体活度系数模型
活度系数方法
• 液相 : 活度系数模型
• 气相 : 状态方程模型
yi i f 0L
Ki   v ( i )
xi  P
i

• fioL －标准态逸度，定义为
s s v
 i
L
s :
oL
fi   i Pi exp  P  Pi 
 RT 
液体活度系数模型
•Margules (1895)
•van Laar (1910)
•Wilson (1964)
•Non-random Two-Liquid (NRTL) (1968)
•Regular Solution (1970)
•UNIQUAC (1975)
•UNIFAC (1975)
 液体活度系数模型
 优点 :
• 有效的关联化学品系统在低压下的性
质；
• 容易使用无限稀释活度系数数据；
• 可根据基团贡献进行预测；
• 许多物系的二元相互作用参数可从
DECHEMA 丛书中查出；
液体活度系数模型
 局限性 :
• 只能用于液相；
• 可用的温度压力范围很窄；
• 对超临界组分需采用亨利常数；
• 无法计算接近或在临界点时的 K-values ；
• 计算其它热力学性质时无一致性；
Margules 模型

• 经验关联式；
• 二元相互作用参数与温度无关；
• 无数据库；

• Redlich, O. and Kister, A. T., Algebraic

Representation of Thermodynamic Properties and
the Classification of Solutions, Ind. Eng. Chem.,
1948, 40, 345348.
van Laar 模型
• 另一种经验关联式；
• 二元相互作用参数与温度无关；
• 无数据库；

ln  1  A12 (1  A12 A21  x1 x2 ) 2

ln  2  A21 (1  A21 A12  x2 x1 )  2

• van Laar, J. J., The Vapor Pressure of Binary Mixtures, Z. Phys. Chem.,1910, 72, 723-751.
Wilson 模型

• 局部组成模型；
• 适用于较广的温度范围；
• Wilson 模型原型无法预测 LLE ；
 A12 A21 
ln  1  ln( x1  A12 x2 )  x2   
 x1  A12 x2 x2  A21 x1 
 A12 A21 
ln  2  ln( x2  A21 x1 )  x1   
 x1  A12 x2 x2  A21 x1 
Regular Solution 模型

ln i  vi  i
L
 
 

RT 




优点：无需数据库；

缺点：超临界组分无法处理；
 NRTL 模型
• Non-Random Two-Liquid Model
 ji G ji x j 
x j G ij  x  G l lj lj

ln  i 
j
  ij  l 
 
G k
ki xk j  G kj x k
k
 G xk
kj k


 ij  a ij  b ij T  c ij T 2  ji  a ji  b ji T  c ji T 2


G ij  exp   ij   ij T  ij  
ij = ji  ij =  ji
Can use 3-term (a’s, b’s and ), 5-term (a’s, b’s, and) or 8-term (a’s, b’s, c’s,  and 
UNIFAC 模型
• 基于基团贡献法；
 优点 :
– 根据基团结构进行预测；
– 当缺乏混合物数据时 , UNIFAC 模型
对化学品和烃类物质可提供有效的
预测；
– 能较好的描述含有极性和 / 或非极
性组分体系的 VLE and LLE 行为；
UNIFAC 模型

 局限性 :
–不适于多官能团结构的物质；
–分子量大于 400 的物质不适
用；
–无法预测异构化影响；
活度系数模型
• 需要实验数据支持，用来确定
二元相互作用参数

• 需要气相压力数据 P i
sat
亨利定律

• 超临界组分不适用于活度系数方法，
需采用亨利定律处理 :
yi H i , mix
Ki  
xi P

• 亨利常数是温度、压力和组成的函
数；
亨利定律
• 二元亨利常数 :
ln H i , j  a ij  b ij / T  c ij ln T  d ij P
• 混合物亨利常数 :
n
ln H i , mix  x
j i
i ln H i , j
Henry’s Law

• 当选择亨利定律后，对于组分 Tc < 400 K ，

会自动使用亨利定律；用户可定义溶质组分；
• 数据库中包括许多水中的污染物质；
• 需检查有无亨利系数；
 液体活度系数方法

 Pro/II 包括了 NRTL 和 UNIQUAC 方程的

大量的二元相互作用参数的数据库，是从
DECHEMA 数据库回归而得；
 Pro/II 还包括了恒沸物质的数据库，它可用
于采用 “ fill-in” 功能，产生缺少的二元相互
作用参数；
 使用 FILL=UNIFAC (VLE or VLLE) 补充缺
少的二元相互作用参数 . UNIFAC 将给出易
于使用的二元相互作用参数；
 液体活度系数方法

 除 UNIFAC 和 Regular Solution 模型 ,

所有其它方法均需二元相互作用参数，
这些参数是从实验数据回归而得；
 当组分是超临界组分时，不能使用活度
系数法，需采用亨利定律；
 当超临界组分含量较大时，缺省的焓值
计算方法为理想气体方法 .
推荐

• 非理想体系 : NRTL (VLE or VLLE)

with FILL=AZEOTROPE, UNIFAC
• 含离子系统 : Electrolytes
• 强酸 (95+%) : NRTL
• 环保气提塔 : Henrys with NRTL or
CEOSUse the on-line Reference Manual in PROvision
通用关联式模型
 Thermodynamic Models
before 1972

• KDATA
• BK10 (1960)
• Chao-Seader (1961)
• Chao-Seader-Erbar Extension
• Grayson-Street (1963)
• Grayson-Street-Erbar Extension
• Improved Grayson-Street
Braun K-10 (BK10) A
• For natural gas processes, the convergence pressure
can usually be used as the parameter that represents
the composition of the vapor and liquid phase in
equilibrium.
• The convergence pressure is, in general, the critical
pressure of a system at a given temperature.
• The Braun K-10 charts is the low pressure equilibrium
ratio, arbitrarily taken at 10 psia system pressure and
at 5,000 psia convergence pressure.
Braun K-10 (BK10)
• For hydrocarbons, the equilibrium K-
values are predicted from vapor
pressure P sat
K 10 
10

• The K-values at any pressure P are

then calculated from10
Ki  K10 , i
P
Braun K-10 (BK10)
• K-values are not functions of composition.
• The BK10 applies to hydrocarbon mixtures
that behave ideally at low pressures or
vacuum tower.
• Good for mixtures of one molecular type.
• Applies to mixtures of paraffins and
olefins.
Chao-Seader Method
• The K-values of Chao-Seader method are based
on the gamma/phi approach:

yi i fi 0L
Ki   v ( )
xi  P
• This method consists of i three parts:
– Fugacity coefficient in a vapor mixture
– Activity coefficient model
– Liquid fugacity coefficient of pure component i in its
standard state
Chao-Seader Method
• Fugacity coefficient in a vapor mixture
– RK CEOS is used to calculate fugacity
coefficient of component i in vapor mixtures.

RT a / T1/ 2
P= 
v  b ( v )( v  b )
Chao-Seader Method
• Regular solution activity coefficient model

ln i  vi  i
L
 
 

RT 




 x
  xv vi
 i
L
ii


L
i i

i and viL at reference temperature of 25oC.

 How about i and viL for super-critical components such as H2, C1,
C2, and C2H4 ?
Chao-Seader Method

• Liquid fugacity coefficient of pure

component i in its standard state

A standard state is like a point of reference on a map.

If someone asks “Where is Berkeley ?” a helpful reply
is “About 10 miles east of San Francisco.” The person
asking the question knows where San Francisco is: it
serves as his standard state.
Chao-Seader Method

• The quantity fioL is the fugacity of i in its

standard state.
• The most frequently used standard state
for fioL is the pure liquid (xi1) at the
system temperature and pressure.
• i f oL is well defined as
L
s s v
 i s 
oL
f   i Pi exp  P  Pi 
i
 RT 
Chao-Seader Method
• Chao-Seader proposed
oL  oL  oL 
ln f ln fi  ln fi
  
  
 i     



P P 0






P 







1

• Above terms calculated as a function of

reduced temperature and pressure.
• How to deal with super-critical
components?
Chao-Seader Method
 Strengths
– Predictive method for the calculation of K-values for
hydrocarbon and light gas systems.

– The regular solution theory gives a good representation

of activity coefficients for many solutions containing
nonpolar components.

– In the absence of any mixture data, the regular solution

equations provide useful results for nonpolar systems.
Chao-Seader Method
 Limitations
– The extrapolation of pure liquid fugacity
coefficient outside recommended ranges for
subcritical component may not be reliable
– Difficult to compute the fugacity of any
supercritical “liquid”
– Chao-Seader correlation does not predict other
thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy,
entropy, density, etc.
Grayson-Streed Method
• An enhancement to Chao-Seader
• Pure component liquid fugacities were
re-correlated to extend the temperature
range of the Chao-Seader K-values
• New equations for liquid fugacity for
hydrogen, methane and petroleum
components have been developed
Grayson-Streed Method

• Lin, Greenkorn, and Chao (AIChE J., 1995,

41(6):1602-1604) developed another new
equation for the standard state liquid
fugacity of hydrogen based on the
expanded database.
 Chao-Seader-Erbar
Grayson-Streed-Erbar
• A new set of constants for the Chao-
Seader liquid fugacity coefficient
specifically for N2, H2S, and CO2 were
developed to improve the prediction of
the K-values of these gases.

• New values of the solubility parameter

and molar volume.
 Improved Grayson-
Streed(IGS)
• Additional fugacity correlation for CO, O2, and
H2O.
• Allow rigorous modeling of hydrocarbon-water
VLLE.
• Re-tune the  to match prediction from the
Wagner generalized vapor pressure
correlation to improve the vapor pressure
prediction for heavy hydrocarbons.
SPECIAL WATER HANDLING
 Calculation with Two Liquid
Phases

• Rigorous VLLE • Water decant

calculations V option V

L1 L

L2 W
 Rigorous VLLE Calculations

Vapor
VLE K-values VLE K-values

Liquid 1 Liquid 2
LLE K-values

Must enable two-liquid phase calculations.

Water Decant Option

Vapor
Water Vapor
VLE K-values Pressure

Liquid Pure
Water Solubility Water
Enthalpy Calculations
• SRK & PR (original):
– Not particularly good for predicting heats of
vaporization for polar components.
• Advanced CEOS (SRKM, SRKS, etc.)
– New alpha function improve predictions for
the heats of vaporization of polar systems.
– Advanced mixing rules generally give better
predictions for the heats of mixing.
Enthalpy Calculation
• Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling EOS
– Use if parameters are available
• Associating Equations:
– The Hexamer EOS can be used for systems
containing HF, such a refrigerant mixtures
– Hayden-O’Connell can be used for
enthalpies in the vapor phase for systems
containing dimerizing components
Density Methods
• CEOS (SRK, SRKM, SRKS etc.)
– Good for vapor density
– Inaccurate for hydrocarbon liquid density
– Horrible for liquid density of polar components
– SIMSCI CEOS systems use API method for the liquid density,
which is good for hydrocarbon systems but is not very good
for chemicals
• Associating EOS
– Good for vapor densities only
Density Methods
• Non-cubic EOS
– BWRS can be used very adequately for the
densities of both phases.
• Rackett
– Saturated liquid densities using Tc , Pc , and Zc
– Recommended for defined hydrocarbon
components by the API but it works for polar
substances as well.
Density Methods
• The Rackett equation is:
 RTci 
Vsi  Z RAi   i
 Pci 
 i  1  1  Tri 
27
for Tri  0.75
where:
0.00693026
 i  1.6  for Tri  0.75
Tri  0.655
RACKETT (cont)
• Databank of regressed Rackett parameters is
available for many components.
•For other components, Zc is used
• Two versions of Rackett method available
– RACKETT calculates density of each component from the
equations and then adds them together assuming no
volume of mixing change
– RCK2 uses a mixing rule for Tc , Pc , and Zc to get mixture
values, then uses the equations for the mixture density
Density Methods
• COSTALD:
– Comparable to Rackett for liquid densities
– Uses modified Vc and for each component
Vsat
*
Vsat
 VR
0
1  
 V
SRK R


4
i
V  1   a i 1  Tr 
0
R
3

i 1
4
VR   b i Tri 1 Tr  1.00001
i 1
COSTALD (cont.)
• Correction for higher pressures
  B  P 
V  Vs  1  C ln sat  
  B  P 

– The ai, bi, B and C are non-component

specific Costald parameters.
Density Methods
• Library Method
– For liquid densities, temperature dependent
correlation from databank are used
– Component densities are combined
assuming NO excess volume.
– For vapor densities, gives ideal gas values
and isn't recommended except at VERY low
pressures.
DATA REGRESSION
 Data Regression

• Uses of Data Regression

• Types of Data
• Some Helpful hints for Data Regression
 Uses of Data Regression

• Fit Property vs. Temperature Correlation

• Fit EOS “Alpha” coefficients to vapor-
pressure data
• Fit EOS or LACT binary parameters to
phase-equilibrium data
 Uses of Data Regression
• Fit LACT binary parameters to activity-
coefficient data
• Fit excess enthalpies to Redlich-Kister
correlation
• Verify calculated results for a given set
of parameters
Data Formats

• PT (Property vs. Temperature

• PTX (Bubble points, gas solubility)
• PTXY (Complete VLE data)
• PTXXY (Complete VLLE data)
• TXX (LLE data)
• HTX (Enthalpy of mixing)
Example - Water/NMP Data

• Select Components
 Regression of Water/NMP
Data
• Select Thermodynamic Method(s) for
Regression.
 Regression of Water/NMP
Data
• Enter Data Regression Program
 Regression of Water/NMP
Data
• Modify General Options
• Select Regression Type
• Equation Format, Data Type, Number of
Components in Data Set
 Regression of Water/NMP
Data
• Enter Experimental Data
 Regression of Water/NMP
Data
• Select Units of Measurement
• Enter Pressure, Temperature and
Composition Data
• Use Propagate check box for Isobaric or
Isothermal data
 Regression of Water/NMP
Data
• If necessary, set Objective Function,
Print Options or View Equation
• Initial Estimates can be used to
Generate Initial Estimates or Use the
built-in Initial Estimates Generator
• Run Regress, View Results, Store
Results
Hints

• Don’t try to do too much at once.

• If you give initial estimates, make
thoughtful choices.
• Look at the results.
• Look at the data (as reprinted).
Hints
• Regress your data based on how you
will use the resulting parameters.
• Beware of large volatility differences.
• Verify pure component properties.
Hints
• With nonlinear models, correlation
between parameters can produce initial
estimate dependence.
• Use VERIFY=3 (an undocumented
Keyword) to run the NLS regression but
not the ODR regression.
COMPONENT PROPERTY
MANIPULATION
Component Properties
• Viewing existing component properties
• Predicting pure component properties
• Manipulating SIMSCI library properties
• Building component property libraries
 Viewing Component Properties

• Fixed properties
• Temperature dependent properties
Viewing Component Properties
Viewing Component Properties
Viewing Component Properties
Viewing Component Properties
Viewing Component Properties
Viewing Component Properties
Viewing Component Properties
Viewing Component Properties
Latent Heat of Vaporization of EB

180

170

160
Late nt Heat of Vaporization, BT U/LB

150

140 0

130

120

110

100
0 50 100 150 200 250
Temperature, C
Predicting Component Properties
Predicting Component Properties
Predicting Component Properties
Component Property Libraries
• Pure-component and mixture databanks
• Pure component databanks:
– Process (Default)
– SimSci (Contains DIPPR data when available)
– DIPPR
– OLI (Electrolytes)
– User (Created using Dataprep and/or LIBMGR)
• Default is BANK=PROCESS, SIMSCI
Component Property Libraries

• Mixture databanks
– NRTL/UNIQUAC
– Azeotrope
– UNIFAC
– Henry’s Law (includes priority pollutants)
– Alcohol (dehydration)
– User (created using LIBMGR)
CONCLUSION
Conclusions
• Very important to choose the correct
thermodynamic method
• Even more important to insure that
binary interaction parameters are
available
Conclusions

• Advanced Equations of State

– Model hydrocarbon behavior
– Advanced Alpha forms
– Advanced mixing rules
– Databank of regressed binary interaction
coefficient
Conclusions

• Liquid Activity Coefficient methods

– Model non-ideal behavior
– Databank of regressed binaries
– Databank of azeotropes
– Fill options for binaries
Conclusions
• Generalized Correlation
– Typically designed for a specific application
– Do a good job for heavier hydrocarbons
Conclusions

• Enthalpy, Entropy and Density

– Library correlation for enthalpy
– No Library correlation for entropy
– Library correlation for density
– Rackett parameters in Library
Closing

• How can we improve this course

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