SOLAS-FIRE PROTECTION, DETECTION AND

EXTINCTION
SOLAS- LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES AND
ARRANGEMENTS

GROUP 2
FERNANDEZ
GRANDE
DE JESUS
CLARINAN

MARITIME LAW
 WHAT IS FIRE?
FIRE IS A CHEMICAL PROCESS
WHICH INVOLVS BURNING OF ANY
SUBTANCE(COMBUSTION)

*FIRE IS NOT ALWAYS HARMFUL

BUT ONLY WHEN IT GOES OUT OF
CONTROL
 FIRE HAZARDS/SOURCES

• SHORT CIRCUITS
• NAKED LIGHTS
• EXPLOSIVE AND FIRE WORKS
• UNMINDFUL SMOKING
• RADIATION
• MECHANICAL HEAT AND SPARK
• SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION
TYPES OF
FIRES
 FIRE HAZARDS IN ENGINE

Combustible liquids
Oil leaks
Hot surfaces
Hot works
Auto ignition-oil dripping on hot surface
Overheating
 FIRE HAZARDS IN GALLEY

Combustible liquids- cooking oil

Hot surfaces-oven, frying pan
Defective electrical connections
 FIRE HAZARDS IN ACCOMODATION

Combustible materials-furnishing, personal effects

Matches, cigarettes
Defective electrical system
 Fire Detection
Aboard ships

• Fire detection systems are compulsory

in ships which have periodically
unattended machinery spaces
 Fire detection

• Fire detection consists of the following elements:

• Human observation
• Manual fire alarms
• Automatic fire detections-smoke, flame, gas
• combination of the above

• Fire detection system requirements are detailed in SOLAS CHAPTER II-2

 Fire detection

• Human observation relies on the human senses:

• Sight
• Sound
• Smell
• Taste
• Touch
https://youtu.be/cVjyDgFrb2g
 Regulation 1
APPLICATION

Regulation 1 – Application – This

chapter applies to ships built on or after 1st
July 2002. Ships built before that date should follow with the chapter in
force before 1st July 2002, but there are some requirements for existing
ships in the revised chapter.
 Regulation 2
BASIC PRINCIPLES

The purpose of this Chapter is to require the fullest practicable degree of fire protection,
fire detection and fire extinction in ships. The following basic principles underlie the
Regulations in this Chapter and are embodied in the Regulations as appropriate, having
regard to the type of ships and the potential fire hazard involved:
(a) division of ship into main vertical zones by thermal and structural boundaries;
(b) separation of accommodation spaces from the remainder of the ship by thermal and
structural boundaries;
(c) restricted use of combustible materials;
(d) detection of any fire in the zone of origin;
(e) containment and extinction of any fire in the space of origin;
(f) protection of means of escape or access for fire fighting;
(g) ready availability of fire-extinguishing appliances;
(h) minimization of possibility of ignition of inflammable cargo vapour.
Regulation 2 – Fire safety objectives & functional requirements
– Provides the fire safety objectives & functional requirements
for the chapter.
 Regulation 3
DEFINITIONS

A. Non-combustible material-means a material which neither burns nor gives

off inflammable vapours in sufficient quantity for self-ignition
 Regulation 3
DEFINITIONS

B. Standard fire test-is one in which

specimens of the relevant bulkheads or
decks are exposed in a test furnace to
temperatures corresponding
approximately to the standard time
temperature curve. The specimen shall
have an exposed surface of not less
than 4.65 square metres (50 square
feet) and height (or length of deck) of
2.44 metres (8 feet) resembling as
closely as possible the intended
construction and including where
appropriate at least one joint.
 Regulation 3
DEFINITIONS
c. "A" Class Division" are those divisions formed by bulkheads and decks which comply with the
following:
                    (i) they shall be constructed of steel or other equivalent material;
                    (ii) they shall be suitably stiffened;
                    (iii) they shall be so constructed as to be capable of preventing the passage of smoke
and flame to the end of the one-hour standard fire test;
                    (iv) they shall be insulated with approved non-combustible materials such that the
average temperature of the unexposed side will not rise more than 139deg.C (250deg.F) above the
original temperature, nor will the temperature, at any one point, including any joint, rise more
than 180deg.C (325deg.F) above the original temperature, within the time listed below:
Class "A-60" 60 minutes
Class "A-30" 30 minutes
Class "A-15" 15 minutes
Class "A-0" 0 minutes
 Regulation 3
DEFINITIONS
D. "B" Class Divisions" are those divisions formed by bulkheads, decks, ceilings or
linings which
comply with the following:
                    (i) they shall be so constructed as to be capable of preventing the passage of
flame to the end of the first one-half hour of the standard fire test;
                    (ii) they shall have an insulation value such that the average temperature of the
unexposed side will not rise more than 139deg.C (250deg.F) above the original
temperature, nor will the temperature at any one point, including any joint, rise more than
225deg.C (405deg.F) above the original temperature, within the time listed below:
Class "B-15" 15 minutes
Class "B-0" 0 minutes
 Regulation 3
DEFINITIONS
(e)""C" Class Divisions" shall be constructed of approved non-combustible materials. They need meet no requirements
relative to the passage of smoke and flame nor the limiting of temperature rise.
(f) "Continuous "B" Class Ceiling  or Linings" are those "B" Class ceilings or linings which terminate only at an "A" or "B"
Class division.
g) "Steel or Other Equivalent Material". Where the words "steel or other equivalent material" occur, "equivalent material"
means any material which, by itself or due to insulation provided, has structural and integrity properties equivalent to steel at
the end of the applicable fire exposure to the standard fire test (e.g. aluminium allow with appropriate insulation).
(h) "Low Flame Spread" means that the surface thus described will adequately restrict the spread of flame, this being
determined to the satisfaction of the Administration by an established test procedure.
(i) "Main Vertical Zones" are those sections into which the hull, superstructure, and deckhouses are divided by "A" Class
divisions, the mean length of which on any one deck does not in general exceed 40 metres (131 feet).
(j) "Accommodation Spaces" are those used for public spaces, corridors, lavatories, cabins, offices, crew quarters, barber
shops, isolated pantries and lockers and similar spaces.
(k) "Public Spaces" are those portions of the accommodation which are used for halls, dining rooms, lounges and similar
permanently enclosed spaces.
(l) "Service Spaces" are those used for galleys, main pantries, stores (except isolated pantries and lockers), mail and
specie rooms, workshops other than those forming part of machinery spaces, and similar spaces and trunks to such spaces.
(m) "Cargo Spaces" are all spaces used for cargo (including cargo oil tanks) and trunks to such spaces.
 Regulation 3
(n) "Special Category Spaces" are those enclosed spaces above or below the bulkhead deck intended for the carriage of motor vehicles
with fuel in their tanks for their own propulsion, into and from which such vehicles can be driven and to which passengers have access.
(o) "Machinery Spaces of Category A" are all spaces which contain:
                    (i) internal combustion type machinery used either for main propulsion purposes, or for other purposes where such machinery
has in the aggregate a total power output of not less than 373 kW, or
                    (ii) any oil-fired boiler or oil fuel unit; and trunks to such spaces.
(p) "Machinery Spaces" are all machinery spaces of Category A and all other spaces containing propelling machinery, boilers, oil fuel units,
steam and internal combustion engines, generators and major electrical machinery, oil filling stations, refrigerating, stabilizing, ventilation and
air conditioning machinery, and similar spaces; and trunks to such spaces.
(q) "Oil Fuel Unit" means the equipment used for the preparation of oil fuel for delivery to an oil fired boiler, or equipment used for the
preparation for delivery of heated oil to an internal combustion engine, and includes any oil pressure pumps, filters and heaters dealing with
oil at a pressure more than 1.8 kilogrammes per square centimetre (25 pounds per square inch) gauge.
(r) "Control Stations" are those spaces in which the ship's radio or main navigating equipment or the emergency source of power is located
or where the fire recording or fire control equipment is centralized.
(s) "Rooms containing Furniture and Furnishings of Restricted Fire Risk" are, for the purpose of Regulation 20 of this Chapter, those
rooms containing furniture and furnishings of restricted fire risk (whether cabins, public spaces, offices or other types of accommodation)
t) "Bulkhead deck" is the uppermost deck up to which the transverse watertight bulkheads are carried.
(u) "Deadweight" is the difference in metric tons between the displacement of a ship in water of a specific gravity of 1.025 at the load water
line corresponding to the assigned summer freeboard and the lightweight of the ship.
(v) "Lightweight" is the displacement of a ship in metric tons without cargo, fuel, lubricating oil, ballast water, fresh water and feed water in
tanks, consumable stores, together with passengers, and crew and their effects.
(w) "Combination carrier" is a tanker designed to carry oil or alternatively solid cargoes in bulk.
 Different classes of bulkheads such as Class-A, Class-B and Class-C
have used onboard ships for construction of bulkheads in areas like
accommodation, machinery space, pump room etc. The main applications
of such bulkheads are to contain or restrict the spread of fire in sensitive
areas.
Fire hoses should be used
only for the purposes of
extinguishing fires or testing
the apparatus at fire drills and
surveys.
PREVENTION OF FIRE AND EXPLOSION

PART B
 Regulation 4
Probability of ignition

The purpose of this regulation is to prevent the ignition of combustible materials or

flammable liquids. For this purpose, the following functional requirements shall be met:
• .1 means shall be provided to control leaks of flammable liquids;
• .2 means shall be provided to limit the accumulation of flammable vapours
• .3 the ignitability of combustible materials shall be restricted;
• .4 ignition sources shall be restricted;
• .5 ignition sources shall be separated from combustible materials and flammable
liquids; and
• .6 the atmosphere in cargo tanks shall be maintained out of the explosive range.f
 Regulation 5
Fire growth potential

The purpose of this regulation is to limit the fire growth potential in every space of the
ship. For this purpose, the following functional requirements shall be met:
• .1 means of control for the air supply to the space shall be provided;
• .2 means of control for flammable liquids in the space shall be provided; and
• .3 the use of combustible materials shall be restricted.
 Regulation 6
Smoke generation potential and toxicity

Regulation 6 – Smoke generation potential & toxicity – The objective of this

regulation is to decrease the danger to the life from smoke & toxic products formed
during the fire in spaces where individual normally work or live.
 PART C
suppression of fire
(extinction)
 PART C
Extinction

Part C of this chapter comprises of 5 regulations (Regulation 7

to Regulation 11) and focuses on the requirement to suppress
the fire at the earliest, including detection and control of
smoke and flames, containment requirements, the structural
integrity of the space to prevent spreading of fire and
firefighting systems and equipment to be used on ships
machinery, accommodation and cargo spaces.
 PART C
Extinction

Regulation 7 – Detection & alarm – The purpose of this regulation is to find the fire in
the space of origin & to provide for alarm for safe escape & fire fighting activities.
Regulation 8 – Control of smoke spread – The purpose of this regulation is to control
the advance of the smoke in order to minimize the dangers from smoke.
Regulation 9 – Containment of fire – The objective of this regulation is to contain a fire
in the space of origin.
Regulation 10 – Fire fighting – The purpose of this regulation is to suppress & swiftly
extinguish a fire in the space of origin.
Regulation 11 – Structural integrity – The purpose of this regulation is to maintain
structural integrity of the ship averting partial or whole collapse of the ship structures
due to strength failure by heat.
 Following are the Fire fighting equipment which are used onboard ships:

1. Fire Retardant Bulkhead: Different classes of

bulkheads such as Class-A, Class-B and Class-C
have used onboard ships for construction of
bulkheads in areas like accommodation, machinery
space, pump room etc. The main applications of
such bulkheads are to contain or restrict the
spread of fire in sensitive areas.

2.  Fire doors: Fire doors are fitted in fire retardant

bulkhead to provide access from the same. They
are self-closing type doors with no holdback
arrangement.
 Following are the Fire fighting equipment which are used onboard ships:

3.  Fire Dampers: Dampers are provided in

the ventilation system of cargo holds, engine
room, accommodation etc. in order to block
out the excessive oxygen supply to the fire.
 For this, it is necessary that open and shut
positions clearly marked for fire dampers.
4.  Fire Pumps: As per regulation, a ship
must have the main fire pump and an
emergency power pump of approved type
and capacity. The location of the emergency
fire pump must be outside the space. They
are used to increase the pressure (measured
in psi and bar) of a water source when that
source is not adequate for the system it's
supplying.
 Following are the Fire fighting equipment which are used onboard ships:

5.  Fire Main Piping and Valves: The Fire

Main piping which is connected to the main
and emergency fire pump must be of
approved type and capacity. Isolation and
relief valves must be provided in the line to
avoid overpressure of the same.
6.  Fire Hose and Nozzles: Fire hoses
with a length of at least 10 meters are used
in ships. The number and diameter of the
hoses are determined by the classification
society. The nozzle of diameters 12 m, 16
m and 19 m used on the ship are of dual-
purpose types- Jet and spray mode.
 Following are the Fire fighting equipment which are used onboard ships:

7.  Fire Hydrants: Fire hoses are

connected to fire hydrants from which
the water supply is controlled. They are
made up of heat retardant material to get
the least affected from the sub-zero
temperatures and also to ensure that
hoses can be easily coupled with them.
8.  Portable Fire Extinguishers:
Portable fire extinguishers of CO2, Foam
and Dry Chemical Powder are provided
in accommodation, deck and machinery
spaces carried along with a number of
spares as given by the regulation.
 Following are the Fire fighting equipment which are used onboard ships:

9.  Fixed Fire extinguishing system:

CO2, Foam and water are used in this
type of system, which is installed at
different locations on the ship and is
remotely controlled from outside the
space to be protected.
10.  Inert Gas System: The
inert gas system is provided in the oil
tankers of 20000 dwt and above and
those which are fitted with Crude oil
washing. The IG system is to protect
Cargo space from any fire hazards.