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 Fossil
Evidence
from the

Record
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Pictures from the past
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Spinosaurus was a large predatory

To the untrained eye, fossils might look like dinosaur. The first Spinosaurus
ordinary rocks. But to a trained scientist, they are fossils were discovered by Ernst
much more than that. They paint a picture of past

organisms and environments that often look
different from current organisms and
environments.
When a Moroccan fossil collector showed
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Stromer in Egypt in 1912, but the
fossils were destroyed during World
War II. Since that time, Spinosaurus
had eluded scientists.

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scientist Nizar lbrahim a box of fossils. Ibrahim
knew one of them was special. Years later he
would realize just how special it was. In 2014 the
fossil collector led Ibrahim and his team to the site
where the fossil was found. It was in the middle of

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the Moroccan Sahara Desert. The team unearthed
several more fossils. The fossils came from a
dinosaur called Spinosaurus. They were about
were about 100 million years old.
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Ibrahim and his team dug up many

Spinosaurus bones. With the help of
Stromer's original drawings, they used the

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bones to reconstruct the Spinosaurus
skeleton. The skull was shaped like a
crocodile's, with sharp, cone-shaped teeth. Its
back had a structure like a sail on top of it.

Its hip bones were narrow. The bones in its
feet were shaped like paddles. The scientists
made an incredible conclusion: Spinosaurus
could swim. This would be the first dinosaur
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 Spinosaurus was an enormous predatory
dinosaur. It lived in North Africa's
prehistoric rivers and swamps.

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known to live in water.
 In the paragraph above, underline the
sentences giving evidence that
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Spinosaurus lived in water.

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Fossils Give Clues
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Scientists like Nizar Ibrahim are paleontologists. A
paleontologist is a scientist who studies fossils to
learn what past organisms looked like and how they
lived. Fossils also provide evidence about how
living things and environments have changed.
When paleontologists find a fossil, they note the
location of the fossil site. They may remove the
fossil for further study. This requires slow and
careful work. Paleontologists observe the rock layer
in which a fossil occurs. They may record notes
about it. They may record information about rock
layers above or below the fossil, too. The location
and layer of rock in which the fossil was found
allow paleontologists to determine the age of the
fossil.
● What tools might a paleontologist use to study
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fossils at a fossil site?
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 The Paleozoic era began with the
Cambrian period. A variety of
animal groups appeared suddenly
at that time.
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The term diversity means "variety“.
When paleontologists study fossils, they
learn about changes in biodiversity.
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Biodiversity is the variety of living things
on Earth or in a particular habitat or
ecosystem.
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The Precambrian era did not have much biodiversity. At
the beginning of the Paleozoic era, about 542 MYA, this
changed. In a relatively short period of time-about 50
million years-a large number of new species emerged.
Because of the rapid emergence of so many species, this
period is called the Cambrian explosion. In the Cambrian
explosion, the ancestors of almost all modern animal
groups emerged.
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Cambrian were invertebrates, or animals

without backbones. Near the end of this
period, chordates appeared. Chordates are
animals that have a flexible support rod called

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a notochord. All vertebrates, animals with
Take Note!
backbones, are chordates.
During the
Cambrian e
invertebrate ra
A variety of vertebrate chordates emerged

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s animals
during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. During lives.
these era it shows the successive appearance
Paleozoic a
of fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and nd Mesozo
variety of v ic
birds in the fossil record, Each later group of

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ertebrates
organisms shows some characteristics from chordates e
merged.
the previous group plus additional
characteristics. The organisms get more
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complex over time. For example, all the

animals that appear after chordates have
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backbones.
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Take Note!

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● Causes of m
ass extincti
were: Volca on
nic eruption
climate cha s,
nge and ast
eroid
impact

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● End-Ordov
ician: Extin
ction
of most Ca
mbrian
organisms

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