Kinetic Particle Theory

BROWNIAN MOTION
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, & GASES
DIFFUSION
CHANGES IN STATE
Have you ever been to the perfume section of a department store?
If so, you will have noticed that the air is filled with the scent of various
perfumes. The scent of the perfumes spreadd through the store.
Why is this so?
 Objectives:

 Describe the Brownian motion.

 State that all matter is made up of
particles in motion.
 State the Particle Theory of Matter
 Describe the main properties of
solids, liquids and gases.
 Brownian Motion
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHo6LTXdFns

 The random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or gas, caused

by collisions between these particles and the molecules of the liquid or gas.
 This movement is named for its identifier, Scottish botanist Robert Brown (1773-
1858).
 Brownian motion is named after the botanist Robert Brown, who first observed this in
1827. He used a microscope to look at pollen grains moving randomly in water. At
this point, he could not explain why this occurred.
 But in 1905, physicist Albert Einstein explained that the pollen grains were being
moved by individual water molecules. This confirmed that atoms and molecules did
exist, and provided evidence for particle theory.
Kinetic Particle Theory of Matter
 Scientists believe that all matter is made up of particles.
 Their ideas about particles make up the kinetic particle theory of matter.
 The theory states that:
 particles are discrete and are too small to be seen directly,
 there are spaces between particles of matter; the anount of space between particles is
different in solids, liquids and gases, and
 the particles of matter are in constant randommotion; particles move at different speed in
solids, liquids and gases.
States of Matter: one of the forms that
matter takes, such a solid, liquid or gas.
 Chemical Changes Physical Changes

can undergo
Solid
Mass
Liquid states
MATTER all matter has
Volume
Gas
identified by

Chemical Physical
Properties Properties

Melting Point
flammability reactivity Density

Solubility Freezing Point

toxicity oxidation Volume
 Phase Motion of Particles Speed of Particles
How would you describe the movement How would you describe the speed
of these particles? of these particles?

Solid Particles vibrate in

Slow
place and are tightly
packed

Can we
act this
out?
We can look at these 3 properties to figure
out which state of matter an object is:

SHAPE … does it have a definite shape?

MASS … does it have a definite amount

of matter?

VOLUME … does it take up a definite

amount of space?
 opy i nto
c
notes
Predictions anyone?
SOLI
D
Definite
YES
SHAPE?
Definite
YES
MASS?
Definite
YES
VOLUME?
Examples of Solids
 Phase Motion of Particles Speed of Particles
How would you describe the movement How would you describe the speed of
of these particles? these particles?

Liquid Particles are close,

but can slide past Medium
one another

Can we
act this
out?
 py i nto
co
notes Predictions anyone?
LIQUID
Definite
SHAPE? NO

Definite
MASS? YES

Definite
VOLUME? YES
Because liquid molecules can move, they will take the shape of their
container.
Examples of Liquids
 Phase Motion of Particles Speed of Particles
How would you describe the movement How would you describe the speed of
of these particles? these particles?

Gas Particles are

constantly
expanding and far
Fast
apart

Can we
act this
out?
 op y i nto
c
notes
Predictions anyone?
GAS
Definite NO
SHAPE?
Definite YES
MASS?
Definite NO
VOLUME?
A gas will spread out to fill all the
space in whatever container it is in.
If unconfined, gases will spread out
indefinitely.
Examples of Gases
 copy into
notes

Solid Liquid Gas

Tightly- packed closely- packed loosely- packed

o Solids: A state of matter where the particles only vibrate and cannot move from their position
o Liquids: A state of matter where the particles move enough to slide past each other
o Gases: A state of matter where the particles bounce freely and rapidly

Solid, Liquid, Gas animation

States of Matter Simulation

 http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter-basics
 Review
p y i nt o
co
notes SOLI LIQUID GAS
D
Definite NO NO
YES
SHAPE?
Definite
YES YES YES
MASS?
Definite
YES YES NO
VOLUME?
Review
opy i nto
c
notes Motion of Speed of Can be
Phase Particles Particles compressed

Particles vibrate in
Solid place and are tightly Slow No
packed
Particles are close,
Liquid but can slide past Medium No
one another
Particles are
Gas constantly Fast Yes
expanding
State of matter: one of the forms that
matter takes, such as solid, liquid, or gas.
Solid: matter that has a fixed volume and
a fixed shape.
Liquid: matter that has a fixed volume but
not a fixed shape.
Gas: matter that has no fixed volume or
fixed shape.
Particulate Models of Matter
 Because particles are too small to be seen,
scientists use physical models to show the
arrangement of particles in solids, liquids and
gases.
 Models in science are always simpler that the
real things they represent. In the particulate
models of matter the particles are shown as
small balls. However, particles are actually not
as simple as this.
 Still, these models are very useful as they help
us to visualize what solids, liquids and gases
look like at the microscopic level.
 Particulate Models of Matter
 Particles in a solid
 are packed close together in an orderly
arrangement
 cannot be compressed
 have little empty space between them
 canvibrate but cannot move freely
about their fixed positions
 Particulate Models of Matter
 Particles in a liquid
 arepacked close together but not in an
orderly arrangement
 cannot be compressed
 have little empty space between
particles (but more than in solids)
 can move freely throughout the liquid
 Particulate Models of Matter
 Particles in a gas
 are far apart, and in a random
arrangement
 can be compressed
 are far apart form each other
 arefree to move anywhere in the
container
Comparing Properties of Matter with
Properties of Particles
Matter Particles
• may be coloured e.g. sulfur is
yellow, nitrogen dioxide is brown • are not coloured

• can feel hot or cold • do not get hot or cold

• expands when heated
because the distance • do not expand
between particles increases
Kinetic Particle Theory of Matter
 Scientists believe that all matter is made up of particles.
 Their ideas about particles make up the kinetic particle theory of matter.
 The theory states that:
 particles are discrete and are too small to be seen directly,
 there are spaces between particles of matter; the amount of space between particles is
different in solids, liquids and gases, and
 the particles of matter are in constant random motion; particles move at different speed
in solids, liquids and gases.
 On source of evidence, which proves that matter consists of small moving particles
comes from the experiments in diffusion.
Diffusion: Objectives
 describe and explain the movement of
particles in liquids and gases
 statethe qualitative effect of particle mass
on the rate of diffusion
 explain the effect of temperature on the
rate of diffusion
 explain everyday examples of diffusion in
terms of particles
Diffusion
 the spreading and mixing of particles in liquids and gases.
 diffusion occurs mainly in gases and liquids.
 it is a process that involves the movements of particles from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Factors that Affect the Rate of Diffusion
1. The Effect of Temperature
Factors that Affect the Rate of Diffusion
1. The Effect of Temperature
 What happen to the kinetic energy of the particles in hot water?
 When temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles has increased.
 In which temperature will the particles move faster?
 At higher temperatures, the rate at which fluid particles will diffuse is faster
than at lower temperatures.
 What conclusion can you make?
 Therefore, the higher the temperature, the faster the particles diffuse; the lower
the temperature, the slower the particles diffuse
Factors that Affect the Rate of Diffusion
2. The Mass of the Particles
Factors that Affect the Rate of Diffusion
2. The Mass of the Particles
 What is your observation on the experiment?
 After some time, a white ring of solid ammonium chloride appears inside the glass tube.
 The white ring is closer to the hydrochloric end of the tube rather than to the ammonia end.
 Write a chemical equation for the product that is formed.
 Word Equation: hydrochloric acid + ammonia --> ammonium chloride
 Symbol Equation: HCl + NH3 --> NH4Cl
 How can you explain why the product is formed closer to one end than the other end?
 The ammonia particles have smaller molecular mass, thus they move more quickly than the hydochloric acid
particles.
 What conclusion can you make out of this experiment?
 The smaller the mass, the faster the particles diffuse; the greater the mass, the slower the particles diffuse
Diffusion is All Around Us
 Water pollution
 The coloured pollutant diffuses slowly
through the water to affect the fish and
other living thongs in the lake.
 “No Smoking” signs at fuel/gas stations
 Fuel vapour can diffuse through the air
and ignite upon contact with naked flame.
 Smell
 We can smell things susch as fruits and
flowers from a distance because they
release particles that diffuse through the
air and reach our noses.
Changes in State
Freezing Condensation

Melting Evaporation

Deposition
Solid Liquid Gas
Sublimation
 Melting
- the change from a solid to a liquid
• The particles in the solid
absorb energy
• This energy causes the
particles to vibrate faster
about their fixed position
• The vibrations of the particles
overcome the forces of
attraction between them.
• The particles are no longer in
their fixed positions
• The particles are packed close
together and are free to move
randomly.
• The substance is now a liquid.
Melting Point
 is the temperature at
which a substance changes
from the solid state to the
liquid state.
a pure substance has a
fixed melting point
 it always melts at the same
temperature
 Melting and Energy Change
B-C: Heat energy is taken in
by the particles to overcome
the forces of attraction holding
A-B: The temperature of the particles together instead
the solid increases until it of being used to raise the C-D: At point C
reaches 0oC at point B. temperature. all the solid
Then the solid begins to D water has melted.
melt. The temperature
of liquid water
rises as the
heating continue.
B C

Graph showing
temperature change during
the melting of water (ice). A
 Freezing
 the change from a liquid to a solid.

Freezing point
 the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid.
• The particles in the liquid lose • The particles are overcome by
energy. the forces of attraction and no
• The particles begin to move longer move freely
more slowly as the • The particles settle into fixed
temperature decreases. and orderly positions.
• The substance is now a solid.
 Freezing and Energy Change
W-X: When a
liquid is cooled, its
temperature
decreases until its
W
freezing point.
Graph showing
temperature change during
the freezing of water.
X-Y: At the freezing point, the liquid turns into a solid.
The temperature stays constant while the liquid freezes,
because heat energy is released when the particles slow
down to take up fixed and orderly positions in the solid.
This heat energy is given out to the surroundings.
Y-Z: At point Y all
the liquid water has
X Y changed into a
solid. The
temperature of solid
Z water decreases as
the cooling
continue.
Freezing
Boiling
• The change from a liquid to a gas.
Boiling Point
• The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas
• Boiling points apply at normal atmospheric pressure at sea level.

• The particles in the • The particles have enough energy

liquid absorb energy. to overcome the forces of
• The particles move attraction holding them together.
faster as the • The particles spread further apart
temperature increases. and move freely.
• The substance is now a gas.
Boiling Points of Common Substances
 Boiling and Energy Change
Point A: is the
boiling point of
water. At this
B
temperature, the
liquid begins to
change into a gas. A-B: Heat is
A absorbed by the
particles of the
liquid during
0-A: The boiling. It is used to
temperature break all the forces
increases until the holding the
liquid boils at 100 particles together.
o
C. This is the
boiling point of
water.
Determining the Boiling Point of a Liquid
Condensation
• The change from a gas to a liquid.
• Heat is given out when condensation occurs.
• Many useful gases are condensed into liquids for storage and
transportation because a liquid has a smaller volume.
• Formation of the rain is another example.
Evaporation
• The change from a liquid to a
gas without boiling.
• It occurs below the boiling
point of the liquid.
• The particles scape from the
surface of the liquid to form a
gas.
• It is different from boiling in
that it only takes place at the
surface of the liquids and is
very slow.
• Boiling takes place throughout
the liquid.
Sublimation
• The change from a solid to
a gas.
• Solid carbon dioxide(dry
ice) is a substance that
sublimes.
• It is used to cool
substances at very low
temperature.
Deposition
• The phase transition in
which gas transforms into
solid without passing
through the liquid phase.
• One example of deposition
is the process by which, in
sub-freezing air, water
vapor changes directly to
ice without first becoming a
liquid.
Deposition
Summary of Changes of State

Click in this box to enter notes.

Melting – solid to liquid Freezing – liquid to solid

Evaporation – liquid to gas Condensation - gas to liquid
Sublimation – solid to gas Deposition – gas to solid
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