THERMODYNAMI

CS

Presented by
Adam Manlunas
Clarisse Kay Getubig
MS SciEd Chem
Thermodynamics is the study of the
patterns of energy change.
Thermo means energy
Dynamics means Patterns of change
Thermodynamics deals with:
a) energy
b) The stability of molecules and
direction of change.
Example
Imagine a brick resting on window ledge 3 meters
high. As the brick rests on the ledge it has
potential energy.
If you knock the brick out of the ledge, the
potential energy is converted to kinetic energy
( the brick accelerated towards the ground).
When the brick hits the ground the kinetic energy
converted to light energy (sparks), Sound energy
and chemical energy (the brick breaks).
To study thermodynamics we will
introduce two new terms which are
1-The system
2- The surroundings
Two types of exchange can occur
between the system and surroundings.

1- Energy exchange (heat,

radiation….etc).
2-Matter exchange (movement of
molecules across the boundary between
the system and the surroundings).
Based on the types of exchange which take
place, three types of systems are identified.
1- Isolated systems: no exchange of matter
or energy.
2-Open systems: Exchange of both matter
and energy.
3- Closed system: no exchange of matter
but exchange of energy.
The total energy of a system before the process
has taken place, called the initial state.

While the total energy of a system after the

process has taken place, called final state.

The equilibrium state is that condition in which

no further change is occurring within the system
or between the system and its surroundings.
Thermodynamic process are either:

-Reversible: happens slow enough to

be reversed
-Irreversible: can not be reserved
 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Energy can be exchanged between the system and its
surroundings but the total energy of the system+ the
surrounding is constant. i.e The energy of the universe,
remains constant.

i. e 1st law of thermodynamics stated that

“ energy is conserved”
or “ energy can neither created nor destroyed”
 HEAT AND WORK CHANGES
The energy of a system will change if heat is
transferred to or from the system or work is done by
the system.
1st law stated that, if some amount of heat (Q) is
added into the system, it must either do work or
increase the total energy of the system.
IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
If the capacity to do work is
represented by the symbol “W” and “H”
stands for enthalpy (or heat content),
then the first law can be expressed as:
ΔH = Q - W
 ISOTHERMAL NATURE OF CELLULAR
PROCESS
Although heat is the simplest and more familiar
medium by which energy may be transferred or
used in man-made machines, it is not useful
form of energy for performing biological work.
Why?
“ because heat can do work if there is a
temperature differential through which it can
act”
Heat must either pass from one body to a
second one having lower temperature, or the
temperature of a given hot body is lowered.
Since it is not possible that there are very small
temperature differentials in cells which is the
basis of doing cellular work
“ living organisms are isothermal”
here we must define another form of energy
called “free energy”.
 1 Law of
st

Thermodynamics
 Topic Outline
• The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• The First Law of Thermodynamics
• Thermal Processes
• Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant
Pressure, Constant Volume
 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
We have already discussed
the zeroth law, and include
it here for completeness:
If object A is in thermal
equilibrium with object C,
and object B is separately in
thermal equilibrium with
object C, then objects A and
B will be in thermal
equilibrium if they are
placed in thermal contact.
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of
the conservation of energy.
If a system’s volume is constant, and heat is
added, its internal energy increases.
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
If a system does work on the external world, and
no heat is added, its internal energy decreases.
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Combining these gives the first law of
thermodynamics. The change in a system’s
internal energy is related to the heat Q and the
work W as follows:
It is vital to keep track of the signs of Q and W.
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
The internal energy of the system depends only
on its temperature. The work done and the heat
added, however, depend on the details of the
process involved.
 Thermal Processes
We will assume that all processes we discuss
are quasi-static – they are slow enough that the
system is always in equilibrium.
We also assume they are reversible:
For a process to be reversible, it must be possible to
return both the system and its surroundings to exactly
the same states they were in before the process began.
 Thermal Processes
This is an idealized reversible process. The gas
is compressed; the temperature is constant, so
heat leaves the gas. As the gas expands, it
draws heat from the reservoir, returning the gas
and the reservoir to their initial states. The
piston is assumed frictionless.
 Thermal Processes
Work done by an expanding gas, constant
pressure:
 Thermal Processes
If the volume stays constant, nothing moves and
no work is done.
Thermal Processes

If the temperature is constant, the

pressure varies inversely with the
volume.
 Thermal Processes
The work done is the area under the curve:
 Thermal Processes

An adiabatic process is one in which no heat

flows into or out of the system. The adiabatic
P-V curve is similar to the isothermal one, but
is steeper. One way to ensure that a process is
adiabatic is to insulate the system.
 Thermal Processes

Another way to ensure

that a process is
effectively adiabatic is
to have the volume
change occur very
quickly. In this case,
heat has no time to
flow in or out of the
system.
 Thermal Processes

Here is a summary of the different types of

thermal processes:
Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant
Pressure, Constant Volume
Specific heats for ideal gases must be quoted
either at constant pressure or at constant
volume. For a constant-volume process,
Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant
Pressure, Constant Volume

At constant pressure,
Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant
Pressure, Constant Volume

Both CV and CP can be calculated for a

monatomic ideal gas using the first law of
thermodynamics.
Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant
Pressure, Constant Volume
Although this calculation was done for an ideal,
monatomic gas, it works well for real gases.
Specific Heats for an Ideal Gas: Constant
Pressure, Constant Volume
The P-V curve for an adiabat is
given by

where
 Summary
• When two objects have the same temperature,
they are in thermal equilibrium.
• The first law of thermodynamics is a statement
of energy conservation that includes heat.
•
• The internal energy of a system depends only
on its temperature, pressure, and volume.
• A quasi-static process is one in which the
system may be considered to be in equilibrium
at all times.
 Summary of Chapter 18
• In a reversible process it is possible to return
the system and its surroundings to their initial
states.
• Irreversible processes cannot be undone.
• The work done during a process is equal to the
area under the curve in the PV plot.
• The work done at constant pressure is
• The work done at constant volume is zero.
• The work done in an isothermal expansion is
 Summary of Chapter 18
• An adiabatic process is one where no heat
transfer occurs.
• The value of the specific heat depends on
whether it is at constant pressure or at constant
volume.
• Molar specific heat is defined by:
• For a monatomic gas at constant volume:

• For a monatomic gas at constant pressure:

 Summary
• In a PV plot, is constant, where
• For a monatomic ideal gas,
• The spontaneous flow of heat between objects
in thermal equilibrium is always from the hotter
one to the colder one.
• A heat engine converts heat into work.
• Efficiency of a heat engine: