Texture Analysis of Smoke for A

Review on Early Forest Fire analysis

ABSTRACT:
• The environmental challenges the world faces nowadays have never been greater or more
complex.
• Global areas covered by forests and urban woodlands are threatened by natural disasters that
have increased dramatically during the last decades, in terms of both frequency and magnitude.
Large-scale forest fires are one of the most harmful natural hazards affecting climate change and
life around the world.
• Thus, to minimize their impacts on people and nature, the adoption of well-planned and closely
coordinated effective prevention, early warning, and response approaches are necessary.
• This paper presents an overview of the optical remote sensing technologies used in early fire
warning systems and provides an extensive survey on both flame and smoke detection
algorithms employed by each technology.
• Three types of systems are identified, namely terrestrial, airborne, and spaceborne-based
systems, while various models aiming to detect fire occurrences with high accuracy in
challenging environments are studied. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of fire detection
systems based on optical remote sensing are discussed aiming to contribute to future research
projects for the development of early warning fire systems.
INTRODUCTION
• Recent advances in computer vision, machine learning, and remote
sensing technologies offer new tools for detecting and monitoring
forest fires, while the development of new materials and
microelectronics have allowed sensors to be more efficient in
identifying active forest fires.
• Unlike other fire detection review papers that have focused on various
sensing technologies.
• Depending on the acquisition level, three broad categories of widely
used systems that can detect or monitor active fire or smoke incidents
in real/near-real-time are identified and discussed, namely terrestrial,
aerial, and satellite.
• These models depend on data collection during forest fires,
simulation, and lab experiments to specify and predict fire growth in
many regions.
• Recently, simulation tools have been used to predict forest fires, but
simulation tools faced some problems such as the accuracy of input
data and simulation tool execution time
• Machine learning is a sub-branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to learn
computers aspect. Machine learning can be divided into two classes:
supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement.
• In supervised learning, a supervisor is existed to give insights to the
learning algorithm on how a decision or an action is bad or good.
PROBLEM DEFINITION
• Thus, detecting fires through surveillance video stream is one of the
most feasible, cost-effective solution suitable for replacement of
existing systems without the need for large infrastructure installation
or investment.
• The existing video-based machine learning models rely heavily on
domain knowledge and feature engineering to achieve detection
therefore, have to be updated to meet new threats.
Methods Explanation
• The model is divided into two parts
• 1. Data Collection and Pre-processing.
• 2. Building fire detection model by Deep Learning.
• The first step is to gather video frames for the problem statement.
The dataset has 2 classes - fire and nonfire. Positive samples consist of
images with real fire. False Positives consists of images which have
objects that look like fire but are not. False positives are easier to
collect. Thus, we need to collect diverse video frames which will help
better fire detection. The collected dataset is divided into train and
test image frames. The dataset currently has 80 fire images and 80
that of non-fire sourced from google since there is no standard data
set available.
Flow diagram
• The second step is to use various available pretrained models in
dataset to extract the image frame features.
• The pre-trained models are trained on very large-scale image frames
classification problems. The convolutional layer’s act as feature
extractor and the fully connected layers’ act as Classifiers. Since these
models are very large and have seen a huge number of images, they
tend to learn very good, discriminative features.
DATASET
EXISTING METHOD:
 The new filter is an edge-preserving filter especially when images are polluted by
mixed noise containing Gaussian noise, Poisson noise, and impulse noise.
 The structural features are obtained from multi resolution analyses which are used to
discriminate the structures as borders, dots and streaks.
 On the other side, the textural features computed by LBP operators are used to
discriminate the local variation of colours, the pigment network etc.
 Later, these features are fused in multiple combinations to investigate the influence
of each combination in the performance of detection.
 Manually checking process.
 cnn algorithm.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
 In order to improve the accuracy of feature extraction, eight different pre processing
algorithms were used.
 The algorithms used were converting to grey scale image, sharpening filter, median
filter, smooth filter, binary mask, RGB extraction, and histogram and Sobel operator.
 The RGB values of the images are extracted before converting it into a gray scale
image.
 Sharpening filter is applied to the gray scale image in order to sharpen the details of
the infected region. Advanced feature will be added such as
Entropy,kwotsis,Skewness etc..
 We using SVM algorithm to detect fire
LITREATURE SURVEY
S.NO TITLE AUTHOR CONTENT
YEAR
A Neural 2019 Hao Liang  A forest fire is a natural disaster that
Network destroys forest resources, thus having a
Model for severe impact on humans and on the
1 Wildfire animals and plants that depend on the
Scale forest environment. This paper presents a
Prediction model for predicting the scale of forest
Using wildfires of Alberta, Canada. A fire's scale
Meteorolog is determined by the combination of the
ical Factors fire's duration and the size of the area it
burns. Our prediction model enables fire
rescuers to take appropriate measures to
minimize damage caused by a wildfire
based on its predicted scale in the fire's
early stages
S.NO TITLE YEAR AUTHOR CONTENT
An 2019 Detecting forest fire smoke during the
Attention Yichao Cao initial stages is vital for preventing
Enhanced forest fire events. Recent studies have
Bidirection shown that exploring spatial and
al LSTM temporal features of the image
2 for Early sequence is important for this task.
Forest Fire Nevertheless, since the long distance
Smoke wildfire smoke usually move slowly
Recognitio and lacks salient features, accurate
n smoke detection is still a challenging
task. In this paper, we propose a novel
Attention Enhanced Bidirectional Long
Short-Term Memory Network (ABi-
LSTM) for video based forest fire
smoke recognition.
S.NO TITLE AUTHOR CONTENT
YEAR
Time- 2018 Ayan Seasonal variations in land cover are
Varying Banerjee commonly represented using a constant
Modeling frequency cosine model with time-varying
of Land parameters. As frequency represents the
3 Cover constant annual vegetation growth cycle, the
Change model is not adequate to represent dynamics
Dynamics such as sudden changes in land cover and
Due to subsequent regrowth. In this paper, we
Forest present a new model to capture time-varying
Fires changes in the vegetation growth cycle and
detect abrupt changes in land cover due to
forest fires.
S.NO TITLE YEAR AUTHOR CONTENT
Hidden 2020 John A. When a dust fire or explosion event
Hazard— Kay (deflagration) occurs in any facility the
Identifying, results are significant and the
Understan consequences can range from only a
ding, and simple clean-up and/or minor personnel
4 Preventing injuries to catastrophic property damage
Combustibl with significant personnel injuries and
e Dust even the possibility of fatalities. The
Explosions follow up reviews from these dust
in Forest explosion incidents has shown that there is
Industry a general lack of understanding of this
Facilities hazard
S.NO TITLE YEAR AUTHOR CONTENT
An 2021  Zhao Deng Forest fires can destroy millions of acres
Improved of land at shockingly fast speeds. The
Forest Fire forest fire points identification algorithm
Monitoring is the most critical step in the forest fire
Algorithm monitoring process. Most traditional
5 With forest fire monitoring methods use fixed
Three- thresholds, ignoring background pixels,
Dimension and have low recognition rates, which
al Otsu could lead to many problems, such as
false reporting and low recognition rate.
This paper proposes and tests an adaptive
forest fire points identification algorithm
using Himawari-8 data
S.NO TITLE AUTHO CONTENT
YEAR R
Bi- 2017 Peng Wu This paper investigates a bi-objective rescue
Objective vehicle scheduling problem for multi-point
Scheduling forest fires, which aims to optimally dispatch
of Fire a limited number of fire engines to
Engines for extinguish fires. The objectives are to
6 Fighting minimize the total fire-extinguishing time
Forest and the number of dispatched fire engines.
Fires: New For this problem, we first develop an integer
Optimizati program that is an improved and simplified
on version of an existing one. After exploring
Approache some properties of the problem, we develop
s an exact dynamic programming algorithm
and a fast greedy heuristic method
S.No Title Year Author Explanation

Prediction of 2019 Farhanna To prevent forest fires, predictions need to be made to

Forest Fire Mar'i find out areas of land that have the potential to burn
using Neural based on meteorological conditions obtained from the
7 Network sensor, so that it is expected to reduce the spread of
based on fire before the fire spreads. Meteorological conditions
Extreme used in this study to predict areas of land that will be
Learning affected by forest fires are temperature, wind,
Machines humidity, and rainfall. The method used in this study
(ELM) is a neural network with Extreme Learning Machines
(ELM) training model.
S.No Title Year Author Explanation

Multi- 2020 Duan How to detect forest fire on time is an important social
temporal Shangqi problem. Remote sensing detection with large
remote detection areas and high time resolution has become a
8 sensing fire popular method in detecting forest fire. Therefore, we
detection propose a new method of detecting forest fire based
based on on Himawari-8 geostationary satellite data. The
GBDT in detection algorithm used is the GBDT(Gradient Boost
Yunnan area Decision Tree) machine learning combined with
multi-temporal information referred to as MT-GBDT
algorithm. Considering the characteristics of Yunnan
Province, the algorithm of this paper uses contextual
algorithms to filter potential fire points
S.No Title Year Author Explanation

Integration 2016 N. Naga  The early discovery and forecasting of forest fires are
of machine Saranya both urgent and essential for forest fire control.
learning Prediction of the forest fire dangerous area could be
9 algorithm helpful to increase the efficiency of forest fire
using spatial management. The ability to quantify the ignition risk
semi could lead to a more informed allocation of fire
supervised prevention resources. This paper puts forward an
classification efficient system to predict the forest fires in the forest
in FWI data fire spatial data using SMO and Parallel Artificial
Neural Networks. Finally, since large fires are rare
dealings, outlier detection techniques will also be
addressed
S.No Title Year Author Explanation

Study on 2019 Hanchao Li Forest Fire is a nature disaster that can cause a series
Most of consequences and impacts. This paper studies the
Important Most Important Factor (MIF) and Most Vulnerable
10 Factor and Location (MVL) for a forest fire case in Montesinho
Most Natural Park using various machine learning
Vulnerable techniques. We applied four algorithms to analyse the
Location for data and derive MIF and MVL. Hence, we evaluated
a Forest Fire experiment results to explore the relationships
Case Using between the algorithms. We conclude that MIF can be
Various achieved using both regression and classification
Machine approach, one using the corresponding weight value
Learning and one using the variable of the split cut. For MVL, it
Techniques can be derived from the centroid of clusters and a
heuristically counting of the frequent location point.
S.No Title Year Author Explanation

Object-Based 2020 Dimitris This paper presents a methodology for burned area
Burned Area Stavrakoud mapping using Sentinel-2 imagery, which tries to
Mapping is minimize-and conditionally eliminate-user interaction.
11 Using The methodology employs an object-based image
Sentinel-2 analysis approach, using the Mean-Shift segmentation
Imagery and algorithm. A small portion of representative image
Supervised object is automatically selected to form the training
Learning set, by means of the fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering
Guided by algorithm.
Empirical
Rules
S.No Title Year Author Explanation
Classificati 2018 Nataniel The specifications of the forests in Kalimantan
on of Dengen are part of the vegetation type which is
Hotspot in characteristic of dry lowland forests that are rich
12 East in biodiversity. The Kalimantan forest area is
Kalimantan known as an area that has the highest vascular
Forest with biodiversity in the world. Until 2014, the rate of
VIIRS forest loss as a source of biodiversity was always
Sensors high every year. The National Polar-Orbiting
using Suomi Partnership (Suomi NPP) is a new
Support generation of weather satellite imagery from
Vector NASA which currently continues to develop
Machine application algorithms for environmental
monitoring.
ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM

• Proposed system

Image segmentation
Pre-processing (Color based segment,
Fire
(Median Filtering and HISTOGRAM kmeans and cluster )
DATASETS
Gaussian)

Classification
Trained dataset
(svm)

Decision result
(Low, medium and high
level fire )
Module-1 Pre Processing
• The aim of pre-processing is an improvement of the image data that
suppresses unwilling distortions or enhances some image features
important for further processing, although geometric transformations
of images (e.g. rotation, scaling, translation) are classified among pre-
processing methods here since similar techniques are used.
Module -2 Median Filter
• The median filter is a nonlinear digital filtering technique, often used
to remove noise. Such noise reduction is a typical pre-processing step
to improve the results of later processing (for example, edge
detection on an image). Median filtering is very widely used in digital
image processing because, under certain conditions, it preserves
edges while removing noise
Module -3 GAUSSIAN FILTER:

• Gaussian smoothing is also used as a pre-processing stage in

computer vision algorithms in order to enhance image structures at
different scales see scale space representation and scale space
implementation

• Mathematically, applying a Gaussian blur to an image is the same as

convolving the image with a Gaussian function. This is also known as a
two-dimensional Weierstrass transform.
Color Segmentation
• To determine whether or not the average intensities of the each color channel
are equal.
• Color monitor, color video cameras (additive color system)
• Pixel depth – nr of bits used to represent each pixel
• Full color image (24 bits)

29
 Color Coherence Vector
• Based on the color histogram
• Each pixel is checked as to whether it is within a sufficiently large one-color
environment or not.
• i.e. in a region related by a path of pixels of the same color
• If so, the pixel is called coherent, otherwise incoherent
• For each color j, compute the number of coherent and incoherent pixels (j ,
j), j = 1, ..., J
• When comparing two images with color coherence vectors (j , j) and (j ,
j), j = 1, ..., J, we may use the expression
J        
  j j
 j j 
  j   j 1     1 
j 1
 j j 
Color Analysis Module
• To determine whether or not the average intensities of the each color
channel are equal.

Forest fire Module;

• It is used to enhance the color map of the images.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

• Mat lab 2016(A)

• MATLAB is a scientific programming language and provides strong

mathematical and numerical support for the implementation of advanced
algorithms. It is for this reason that MATLAB is widely used by the image
processing and computer vision community. New algorithms are very likely
to be implemented first in MATLAB, indeed they may only be available in
MATLAB.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

• Windows 7 (or) higher

• 64 bit operating system

• Disk Space
 2 GB for MATLAB only,

 4–8 GB for a typical installation.

• Minimum 2GB RAM needed

• No specific graphic cards required
Reference paper
• Instructions on methodology of development and content of disaster risk
assessment and protection and rescue plan", Official Gazette of the Republic
of Serbia, pp. 80, 2019.
• M. Garvanova, "The significance of reputation in choosing and
recommendation a university", Test Engineering and Management, vol. 83,
pp. 8545-8553, 2020.
• B. Shishkov, A. Bogomilova and M. Garvanova, "Four enterprise modeling
perspectives and impact on enterprise information systems" in Trends and
Innovations in Information Systems and Technologies vol. 1. Series:
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Cham:Springer, vol. 1159,
pp. 660-677, 2020.
• G. Đorđević, "Upravljanje rizikom u zaštiti šuma od požara [Risk
Management in Forest Fire Protection]", doctoral dissertation, 2012.
THANK YOU