GEOGRAPHICAL

INVESTIGATION
 GEOGRAPHICAL
INVESTIGATION
Geographical Investigation or GI for short:

a form of geographical inquiry where students are

required to investigate a geographical issue and
demonstrate their learning by completing an end product.
Starter
CBD is the busiest area
compare the suburb.
GIVE TWO PROVES FOR THIS STATEMENT.
POSSIBLE ANSWERS:

CONCLUSION??
 HYPOTHESIS

• Just now you have answer the hypothesis by giving several proves and make
conclusion to the question.

• What is the meaning of HYPOTHESIS?

(Refer to next slide for answer)
LINK: https://slideplayer.com/slide/12994399/
HOW HYPOTHESIS SHOULD BE?

LINK: https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/hypothesis/
LINK: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-hypothesis-2795239
LINK: https://slideplayer.com/slide/12994399/
 LET’S TRY!
o CREATE ONE HYPOTHESIS THAT YOU WANT TO
INVESTIGATE ON THE TOPIC SETTLEMENT.

o HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES:

Planning For Your Investigation
 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING!
EXERCISE 1: https://www.liveworksheets.com/4-mc400766zy

EXERCISE 2: https://www.liveworksheets.com/4-yc561003ge
 SAFETY EQUIPMENTS AND
INSTRUMENTS USED
• Safety florescent vase/jacket – easy to be seen by traffic
• Safety hat – safety issue preventing and protection from flying objects
• Number clicker or counter -count number of houses/ cars/ buildings etc
• Camera – to take photo
• Satellite image
• Binoculars
• Camcorder
• stopwatch
Students are advised to do pilot study before the field
work. Why?

•Identify the actual site to ensure consistency

•Learn the suitability of instrument
•Less chance of making error or missing
importance information
•To ensure the safety around the place
 IMPORTANT KEY WORDS
• Data: A set of values, recorded and interpreted to produce information.
• Evidence: Facts and information used as the grounds for belief or disbelief.
• Primary data: Data you have collected yourself, such as pebble measurements,
questionnaire responses, photos and audio/video recordings.
• Secondary data: Data collected by someone other than yourself. It includes published data
(such as census results and records of rainfall), historical data (such as old photos) and
data collected by other students.
• Quantitative data: Data that records quantities (e.g. numbers, sizes or frequencies).
• Qualitative data: Data that records subjective qualities (e.g. opinions, attitudes and
beliefs).
 Investigate traffic congestion in CBD areas

•Hypothesis 1: The number of vehicles in the

town centre varies throughout the day.
•Hypothesis 2: Traffic congestion is a big
problem in the town centre
 To investigate Hypothesis 1:
Students must do a traffic count
at different sites in the town
centre.
Example of map using sketch map

Why do we
need to choose
more site
locations?

SO THAT WE CAN
GET MORE RELIABLE
DATA
Example of map using satellite map

Image taken using a helicopter - high speed and

definition camera flying at high consistent altitude
and must be taken by well trained person
WHAT METHODS
CAN BE USED?
WHAT METHODS
CAN BE USED?
 Example Example
You want to select a simple random sample of 100 All employees of the company are listed in
employees of Company X. You assign a number alphabetical order. From the first 10
to every employee in the company database from numbers, you randomly select a starting
1 to 1000, and use a random number generator to point: number 6. From number 6 onwards,
select 100 numbers. every 10th person on the list is selected (6,
16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up with a
sample of 100 people.
 Example
The company has 800 female
employees and 200 male employees.
You want to ensure that the sample
reflects the gender balance of the
company, so you sort the population
into two strata based on gender. Then
you use random sampling on each
group, selecting 80 women and 20 men,
which gives you a representative
sample of 100 people.
Example
The company has offices in 10 cities
across the country (all with roughly the
same number of employees in similar
roles). You don’t have the capacity to
travel to every office to collect your
data, so you use random sampling to
select 3 offices – these are your
clusters.
 INTERNET SEARCH
• FIND TWO ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMATIC
SAMPLING
• FIND TWO ADVANTAGES AND DISADVATANGES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
• FIND TWO ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STRATIFIES
SAMPLING
 EXERCISE

1. Find two advantages and disadvantages of systematic sampling.

2. Find two advantages and disadvantages of random sampling.

3. Find two advantages and disadvantages of stratified sampling.

WHAT ARE THE COMMON METHODS?

• QUESTIONNAIRES

• INTERVIEWS

• SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
 LET’S WATCH A VIDEO

Click https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7onVHIkS1YY
WHAT DID YOU LEARN FROM THE VIDEO?
Short simple questions
Possible timeframe
Tick box
Answer boxes cover all possibilities
Answer boxes don’t overlap
Questions are specific
Answer boxes are specific
Questions should not be personal
Don’t ask leading questions
GOOD OR BAD?
WHAT TO CONSIDER/ADVICE BEFORE GIVING
QUESTIONNAIRES TO PEOPLE?
 INTERVIEW

• WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ONLINE

INTERVIEW?
 ADVANTAGES

• No need to spend time asking people individually to complete questionnaire / work could be completed by one student 
• Safer than approaching strangers in the street 
• Overcomes problem of reluctance to approach people 
• Can deliver leaflets more quickly than using questionnaire with people 
• Gives the opportunity to get more responses than would be able to complete questionnaire on street / many people do it at
same time 
• Can use IT to total results / complete graphs 
• People can complete questionnaire when they want / take their time / more time to answer / not feel pressurized 
• People complete questionnaire without feeling they are being judged 
• No bias in selection of people to do questionnaire  
 DISADVANTAGES
• People may ignore leaflet or questionnaire / people may not return /
complete questionnaire 
• Still need to go out to put leaflets through doors 
• People may complete questionnaire incorrectly / not take it seriously / may lie 
• People may not be able to access on-line questionnaire / not IT literate / no internet / IT
problem such as internet may not work 
• May be completed by children / whole family together / anybody can answer it /no control
over who answers it 
• Cannot get advice while answering questionnaire / do not understand what to do  

• Results are not instant / have to wait for results / delay in returning results 
 Methodology 1: Quantitative Method using systematic sampling
(observations taken at regular intervals)- traffic count

How to do Traffic Count?

•Once the students ready to begin at each site start the stopwatch in order to ensure the
task is carried out at the agreed time period
•Students need to count the number of vehicles using counter or mechanical counting
that passes them in 10 minutes at two hour intervals between the agreed time period
•Another students uses the tally method to record the type of vehicle e.g lorry, trucks,
vans onto the recording sheet
•The entire activity can be recorded using camcorder and this can be used to check the
accuracy of readings at a later date
•Photographs can be taken at each site
•Once the allocated time is up the stopwatch is stopped and students record the total
from the counter onto recording sheet
How to do the traffic count?
Watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRkJ6VwEf3k
Recording sheet
FREQUENCY CHART
Activity: Count the number of vehicles passes the road
within 5mins
Watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyvjJx5CDdg
 After completed each traffic count student could do a pedestrian count at the same site. They
carried out the pedestrian counts at 9:15, 10:15, 11:15. Table below shows the results for Site 1,4,8
and 12.

Site 1 Site 8
1st count (09:15) 46 1st count (09:15) 14
2nd count (10:15) 38 2nd count (10:15) 9
3rd count (11: 15) 35 3rd count (11: 15) 13
Total 119 Total 36
average 39 average 12

Site 4 Site 12
1st count (09:15) 35 1st count (09:15) 10
2nd count (10:15) 30 2nd count (10:15) 8
3rd count (11: 15) 24 3rd count (11: 15) 4
Total 89 Total 22
average 30 average 10
Presentation of data
WHAT DO YOU NEED IN A BAR GRAPH?
 EXERCISE 2

Make a bar graph from site 1, 4, 8, and 12 with the correct X-axis, Y-

Axis and a proper title. (use Microsoft Word).

Refer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzS3tyNAwBw
 SKILLS NEEDED IN GI

• NEED TO KNOW HOW READ GRAPHS – BAR GRAPHS, PLOTTING

GRAPHS, PIE CHARTS, LINE GRAPHS.
 Methodology 2: Qualitative Methods-
Questionnaires using systematic sampling

To investigate Hypothesis 2: Traffic congestion is a

big problem in the town centre, the students
produced a questionnaire to use with people in the
town centre. The students decided to give the
questionnaire to every fifth person who walked
past them.
 Activity:
Answer the
questionnaire
about traffic
congestion in
your school
SAMPLE OF EXAM PAPER ON PAPER 2