Computer Graphics

Unit-3

3D CONCEPTS AND CURVES

1
3-D Shapes

2
(2-D) & (3-D)
Two-dimensional(2-D) coordinate systems measure
objects with width and height --- ignoring depth properties

A three-dimensional(3-D) coordinate system is just a

fancy term for a system that measures objects with width,
height, and depth (just like the real world)

3
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate systems are the measured frames of
reference within which geometry is defined,
manipulated and viewed
In this system, you have a well-known point that
serves as the origin (reference point), and three
lines(axes) that pass through this point and are
orthogonal to each other ( at right angles – 90
degrees).

4
Coordinate Systems
With the Cartesian coordinate system, you can define any
point in space by saying how far along each of the three
axes you need to travel in order to reach the point if you
start at the origin.
There are three types of the coordinate systems
1-D Coordinate Systems
2-D Coordinate Systems
3-D Coordinate Systems

5
1-D Coordinate Systems Characteristics

This system has the following characteristics:

 Direction and magnitude along a single axis, with reference

to an origin

Locations are defined by a single coordinate

Can define points, segments, lines, rays

6
2-D Coordinate Systems Characteristics

7
2-D Coordinate Systems Characteristics
This system has the following characteristics:

Direction and magnitude along two axes, with reference to an origin

Locations are defined by x, y coordinate pairs

 Can define points, segments, lines, rays, curves, polygons, (any

planar geometry)

 Can have multiple origins (frames of reference and transform

coordinates among them

8
3-D Coordinate Systems Characteristics

9
3-D Coordinate Systems Characteristics
This system has the following characteristics:

 Direction and magnitude along three axes, with reference to an origin

 Locations are defined by x, y, z triples

 Can define cubes, cones, spheres, etc., in addition to all one and two-
dimensional entities

 Can have multiple origins (frames of reference) and transform

coordinates among them
10
Left-handed versus Right-handed

11
Left-handed versus Right-handed
Determines orientation of axes and direction of
rotations

Thumb = pos x, Index up = pos y, Middle out = pos z

Most world and object axes tend to be right handed

Left handed axes often are used for cameras

12
Right Handed Rule

13
Right Handed Rule Cont…

14
Right Handed Rule Cont…
Right handed Cartesian coordinate system describes
the relationship of the X,Y, and Z in the following
manner:

 X is positive to the right of the origin, and negative to

the left.

Y is positive above the origin, and negative below it.

Z is negative beyond the origin, and positive behind it.

15
Left Handed Rule

16
Left Handed Rule Cont…
Left handed Cartesian coordinate system describes the
relationship of the X, Y and Z in the following manner:
X is positive to the right of the origin, and negative
to the left.
Y is positive above the origin, and negative below
it.
Z is positive beyond the origin, and negative
behind it.

17
Defining 3D points in mathematical notations
3D points can be described using simple mathematical
notations

P = (X, Y, Z)

Thus the origin of the Coordinate system is located at

point (0,0,0), while seven units to the right of that position
might be located at point (7,0,0).

18
Placing points in 3-D
Place the following points in the 3-D
P(0,0,0)
P(4,0,0)
P(0,5,0)
P(0,0,7)
P(4,3,0)
P(0,5,7)
P(4,0,7)
P(4,5,7)

19
Some 3-D Abbreviations
CW, center of window, in reference to the visualization window.

VRP, view reference point.

VPN, view plane normal.

VUV, view up vector.

FOV, field of view.

VRC, view reference coordinates.

WCS, world coordinates system.

20
3-D Commercial Software's
3ds Max (Autodesk)
AC3D
Realsoft3D
SketchUp Pro (Google)
Swift 3D
Zbrush
Softimage
LightWave 3D
Cinema 4D
Animation Master
Maya
21
3-D Applications
Architecture industry
Product Designing
Medical Application
To create and manipulate characters and objects for
animated and real-life motion pictures
Video game industry
Highly detailed models of chemical compounds
Engineering community uses them to design new
devices, vehicles and structures
Application in Films, Games etc
22