Quantitative & qualitative

research
ADESAS, KRISTEL MAE m. & ARCE, Jeoffrey J.
 RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is the set of methods and procedures used
in collecting and analyzing measures of the variables
specified in the research problem. (Creswell, 2014.

It refers to the overall strategy that we

choose to integrate the different
components of the study in a coherent and
logical way, thereby, ensuring we will
effectively address the research problem;
it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and analysis of
data (De Vaus, 2006).

2
 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT
This report aims to:

1. Define quantitative and qualitative research as two major

research approaches;
2. Compare quantitative and qualitative research; and
3. Differentiate quantitative and qualitative research in
terms of:
a. purpose/aim
b . group studied .
c. method of data collection
d. type of data analysis
e. role of researcher; and
f. results.

3
 Quantitative Research: is a formal,
objective, systematic process in
which numerical data are used to
obtain information about the world.
This research method is used: to
describe variables; to examine
relationships among variables.

Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and

graphs. It is used to test or confirm theories and
assumptions. This type of research can be used to
establish generalizable facts about a topic.

.
4
QUANTITATIVE RESEARH is numerical in nature and is most
likely to provide answers to questions such as: What?
Who? When? Where? How many?

Purpose/Aim of the Research

The primary aim of a Qualitative Research is to provide

a complete, detailed description of the research topic.
It is usually more exploratory in nature.

5
 Approach
In Quantitative Research, researchers tend to remain
objectively separated from the subject matter. This is
because Quantitative Research is objective in approach in
the sense that it only seeks precise measurements and
analysis of target concepts to answer his inquiry.

6
 Group Studied

 This involves larger and randomly selected groups and

studies very specific variables. Data is based in
precise measurements using ordered, controlled and
validated data gathering tools.
 Objectivity is very crucial.

7
 Method of Data collection

✘ Survey
 Surveys is a data collection method used to gather
close-ended responses from individuals and groups.
 Surveys are constructed with the intent of
extracting particular information.
 Surveys are traditionally completed on pen-and-
paper but these days are commonly found online,
which is a more convenient method.

8
 Instrument

✘ Structured Survey Questionnaires with close-ended

questions. They are used to gather information such
based upon the behaviors, characteristics, or opinions,
and demographic information such as gender, income,
occupation.

9
 Type of Data Analysis

✘ Quantitative data is based on numbers. Simple math or

more advanced statistical analysis is used to discover
commonalities or patterns in the data. The results are
often reported in graphs and tables.

10
 Preparing Data

 Coding System - To analyze data means to quantify or

change the verbally expressed data into numerical
information.
 Data Tabulation - To classify and distribution of numbers
based on a certain criterion.

11
 Analyzing the Data

1. Descriptive Statistical Technique

 Frequency Distribution – gives the frequency of

distribution and percentage in occurrence of an item in
asset of data.

12
Question: By and large, Do you find the senators attendance in 2021 legislative sessions awful?

Measure Scale Code Frequency Distribution Percent

Distribution

Strongly Agree 1 14 58%

 

Agree 2 3 12%  

Neutral 3 2 8%  

Disagree 4 1 4%
 

Strongly disagree 5 4 17%

 
 Measure of Central Tendency – indicates the different
positions or values of the items, such that in a
category of data.

-Mean -Median -Mode

 Standard Deviation – it will show the extent of the

difference of the data from the mean.

14
Standard Deviation of the category of data collected from the selected faculty members of one university.

Step 1 Mean 7 Step 2 Step 3

Data Item Deviation Square of Deviation

1 -6 36

2 -5 25

6 -1 1

6 -1 1

8 +1 1

6 -1 1

6 -1 1

14 +7 49

16 +9 81

    Total: 196
(Step 4) Sum of Squares; 196
(Step 5) Variance =(196/9) 21.8
(Step 6) Standard Deviation -4.7(square root of 21.8)

15
 Role of the Researcher

 In quantitative research, the researcher’s role is

theoretically non-existent. That is in the perfect
quantitative study, participants act independently of
the researcher.

Results
 The results section is where you report the findings of
the study based upon methodology or methodologies, you
applied to gather the information.

16
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: is primarily
exploratory research. It is based on
the disciplines of social sciences
like psychology, sociology, and
anthropology.

The qualitative research - came up as an alternative form

of research over the quantitative research and was often
conceptualized as the polar opposite of quantitative
research.

17
 Few characteristics of Qualitative Research

 The research is mainly inductive. The researcher mainly

comes up with new hypotheses and grounded theory from
the data collected during fieldwork.
 The nature of observation in qualitative research is
through studying behaviors in natural environments.
They study the context through which behaviors occurs.

Qualitative research is descriptive in nature and is most

likely to provide answers to “how” and “why” questions.

18
 Purpose/Aim of the Research

 The primary aim of a Qualitative Research is to provide

a complete, detailed description of the research topic.

Approach
 Qualitative Research is primarily subjective in
approach as it seeks to understand human behavior and
reasons that govern such behavior.

19
 Group Studied

 In qualitative research, the group studied are

usually collected from small non-random samples
(e.g., purposive samples, convenience samples, snow-
balled samples).

Method of Data Collection

 One-on-one Interview. Here, the interviewer collects
data directly from the interviewee. Depending on your
specific needs, the interview can be informal,
unstructured, conversational, and even spontaneous.

20
 Focus Group Discussion

 Focus groups are interviews conducted by a

moderator among a small group of
respondents.

Observation
 Here, the data collector takes a
participatory stance, observing the setting
in which the subjects of their observation
are while taking down notes, video/audio
recordings, photos, and so on.

21
 Documents and records

 This method makes use of the already existing

reliable documents and similar sources of
information as the data source.

Instrument
 Open-Ended Questionnaires. Opposite to closed-ended
are open-ended surveys and questionnaires. Open-
ended surveys allow the respondents much more
freedom and flexibility when providing their
answers.

22
23
 Type of Data Analysis

 Content analysis. This refers to the process of

categorizing verbal or behavioral data to classify,
summarize and tabulate the data.
 Narrative analysis. Is the revision of primary
qualitative data by researcher.
 Discourse analysis. A method of analysis of naturally
occurring talk and all types of written text.
 Framework analysis. This is more advanced method that
consists of several stages.
 Grounded theory. This method of qualitative data
analysis starts with an analysis of a single case to
formulate a theory.

24
 Role of the Researcher

 In qualitative studies, the role of the researcher is

quite different. The researcher is considered an
instrument of data collection.

Results
 In qualitative research, the results might not all be
directly related to specific hypotheses.

25
 Similarities between Qualitative Research and
Quantitative Research

1. Both the qualitative and quantitative researchers do

use similar elements when carrying out their work.
2. They both rely on a theoretical framework and are much
concerned with rigor

3. Both the qualitative research and quantitative research

require a plan for carrying out an investigation

26
4. Both qualitative and sometimes quantitative researchers
collect data and carry out their research in natural
settings i.e. through observation.

5. Quantitative research is mostly used to test a theory,

but can also be used to generate hypotheses and theory.
Qualitative theory can be used to test hypotheses and
theories even though it is used to generate theories.
6. Qualitative data often includes quantification i.e.
statements. Quantitative research can use questionnaire
to collect data through open ended questions.
27
 Differences of Qualitative and
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Focus/Goals  develop understanding of phenomena (i.e. human  describes with statistics

behavior, cultural or social organization)
 test theories
 describe naturally occurring behavior
 show relationships
 describe multiple realities/complex phenomena such as:
social or cultural dynamics, individual perception
 predict

Research  Qualitative inquiry is often used for exploratory questions,  Quantitative research aims to be more conclusive and
Question such as How? or Why? questions. pertain to larger populations, answering questions such
as What? When? Where?

Data  comprised of words, images  manipulated numerically 9or in graphs)

 the goal is data that can enhance the understanding of a  the goal is precise, objective, measurable data that can
phenomenon be analyzed with statistical procedures

28
Design  emergent  predetermined (clearly specify in advance which data they will
measure, and the procedure that will be used to obtain the data)

 evolving
 structured

 flexible
 specific

 natural

 holistic

Data collection  researchers are themselves instruments for data collection, via methods
Instruments such as in-depth interviewing (using questionnaires with open-ended
questions) or participant observation. Data are thus mediated through a
human instrument
 tools are employed to collect numerical data (e.g., stuctured survey
questionnaires or equipment)
 research environment is often a controlled representation of reality

 date often collected ‘in the field’: the researcher observes or records
behavior or interviews the participants in their natural setting (e.g. a
clinic, the family home)

Informant Selection/  usually collected from small non-random samples (e.g., purposive  the sample is representative of the population from which it is drawn
Group Studied samples, convenience samples, snow-balled samples)

 gold standard is a random sample

 not ‘measurable’ in a quantifiable or mathematical way

29
Analysis  often inductive: the researcher builds  often deductive: precise measurement,
abstractions, concepts, hypotheses, and mathematical formula, testing hypotheses
theories from the data gathered
 
 often relies on the categorization of data
(words, phrases, concepts) into patterns  

 sometimes this data will then be embedded

in larger cultural or social observations and
analyses

 Often complexity and a plurality of voices is

sought

Results  The goal of qualitative research is to understand  Goal is prediction, generalizability, causality
participants’ own perspectives as embedded in
their social context  

 contextually based and thus do not seek

generalizability in the same sense as
quantitative research

30