IGC1-1 H&S Foundation

IGC1-1
Foundations in Health & Safety
IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 1

Learning Outcome
 Definitions of Health, Safety, Accidents etc.
 Moral, Legal and Economic reasons for health and safety in

an organisation
 Benefits of H&S
 Sources of Information
 Elements of H&S Management System
NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 2

DEFINITIONS
Health : the protection of the bodies and minds of
people from illness resulting from the materials,
processes or procedures used in the workplace.
Safety : the protection of people from physical injury.
Welfare : Looking after people’s basic needs

DEFINITIONS
Environmental protection : arrangements
to protect those activities in the workplace which
affect the environment (in the form of flora, fauna,
water, air and soil)
OSH Management System

A set of interrelated or interacting elements to
establish OSH Policy and objectives and to achieve
those objectives.

DEFINITIONS
Incident : An unsafe occurrence arising
out of or in the course of work where no
personal injury is caused.
Accident
An unplanned event that results in injury or ill
health of people, or damage or loss to property,
or the environment

DEFINITIONS
Near Miss
is any incident that could have resulted in an
accident
Dangerous Occurrence Dangerous

occurrences are specified events which may
not result in a reportable injury, but have the
potential to do significant harm.

DEFINITIONS
Hazard a physical situation with a potential for human
injury, damage to property, damage to the
environment or some combination of these
Risk A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence

of a hazardous event and the severity of injury or
damage to the health of people caused by this event.
Risk Assessment
The process of evaluating the risks to safety &
health arising from hazards at work.

DEFINITIONS
Acute
Resulting from a single short term exposure
producing an immediate effect which Is usually
reversible e.g. Alcohol affecting the nervous system.
Chronic
Resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure
producing a gradual effect that may be unrecognized
for a number of years and may be irreversible
e.g. Alcohol causing cirrhosis of the liver.
Why Manage Health and Safety?
MORAL
LEGAL
FINANCIAL

MORAL
The ILO estimates that
 Around 2.2 million women and men around
the world succumb to work-related accidents
or diseases every year.
 Worldwide, there are around 270 million

occupational accidents and 160 million
victims of work-related illnesses annually.
 The deaths due to work-related accidents and

illnesses represent 3.9 per cent of all deaths
and 15 per cent of the world’s population
suffers a minor or major occupational accident
or work-related disease in any one year.

MORAL
Economically Estimated
Region Total Non fatal accidents, at
active number of
employment least 3 days absence
population Fatalities
Established Market
409,141,496 380,833,643 16,170 12,340,216
Economies (EME)
Formerly Socialist
184,717,127 162,120,341 21,425 16,350,868
Economies (FSE)
INDIA 458,720,000 419,560,000 48,176 36,765,877

CHINA 708,218,102 699,771,000 73,615 56,179,742
Other Asia and Islands 404,487,050 328,673,800 83,048 63,378,830
Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) 260,725,947 10,540,604 54,705 41,748,723
Latin America (LAC) 193,426,602 11,460,496 29,594 22,584,726
Middle East Crescent

112,906,300 48,635,240 19,986 14,489,130
(MEC)
2,732,342,624 2164,739,590 354,719 263,838,111
LEGAL

LEGAL
Civil & Criminal Liabilities
“Liability" means responsibility
“Legal Liability" means responsibilities

which can be enforced by law.
Legal Liability -Criminal Liability and Civil

Liability.
LEGAL
Civil Law
Compensation
 The law relating to the rights, duties and obligations
of persons as they affect each other. The wrongdoer
may be required to pay compensation (damages) or
be subject to an injunction imposed by courts.
 Between the Claimant / plaintiff and the Defendant
 The level of proof is the balance of probability

LEGAL
Civil Law -
The party making the claim for compensation has to show:
They were owed a duty of care - (the employer

should have considered the effects that his actions might have on the
injured party the party who has suffered the loss).
The duty was breached - not carried out acceptably,

failed to act in a reasonable way.
The breach led to the injury or loss - the injury or loss has
to be linked with the alleged cause of it.

LEGAL
Criminal Law
Punishment
 Is concerned with the actions or defaults of
persons working to the order, peace and
well-being of society. An offence renders
such persons liable to fines, imprisonment
or court orders.
 Between the state and accused
 The level of proof is beyond all reasonable

doubt

LEGAL
Difference betwn Civil & Criminal Law
Sl.
No
Civil Law Criminal Law
1 The law relating to the rights, duties and Is concerned with the actions or
obligations of persons as they affect defaults of persons working to the
each other. order, peace and well-being of society.
2 The wrongdoer may be required to pay An offence renders such persons liable
compensation (damages) or be subject to to fines, imprisonment or court orders.
an injunction imposed by courts.
3 Between the Claimant and the Between the state and accused
Defendant
4 The level of proof is the balance of The level of proof is beyond all
probability reasonable doubt

Legal Implementation
1. Different legal systems
2. Different legal standards
3. Different penalties
4. Competence levels of enforcers
5. Different enforcement system standards
6. Varying number of enforcers
7. Varying degree of monitoring
8. Varying degree of reporting
9. Political pressure
10. Religious beliefs and cultural issues

Legal Enforcement
 Informal
◦ Verbal and / or written
 Formal
◦ Prosecution with the intent of punishment
 fines, orders to rectify, imprisonment
◦ Legal mandate:
 to stop dangerous activity, e.g. Prohibition
Notice
 to comply with the law, e.g. Improvement Notice
◦ Caution

LEGAL
Implementation of Legislation
Among the many elements of enforcement programme is
1. Adequate number of trained and competent inspectors
2. inspections and investigations.
3. Education
4. Training

Financial

COST of ACCIDENT
Direct Costs
DIRECT COSTS - Insurable
INDIRECT COSTS - Uninsurable
Indirect Costs

Indirect Cost
Legal: Production:
1.lost time – productivity loss
1. legal costs 2.production delays;
2. Fines
Overheads
Workers: 1.wages to overheads, manager, admin
& supervisor
1. Idle payment
2.sick pay
2. Absentism cost 3.extra wages, overtime working and
3. Replacement of labour; investigation time
4. Strike
Others - Business
Property Damage: 1.loss of business reputation
1. damage or loss of product and 2.Medical cost not covered under
raw materials insurance
2. repairs to plant and equipment 3.Increased premium
4.loss of contracts
5.instructing, training, and repositioning

Benefit of sound HSE Mgt.
1. Increased levels of compliance
2. Improved production
3. Improved staff morale
4. Improved company reputation
5. Reduced accidents
6. Reduced ill health
7. Reduced damage to equipment
8. Reduced staff complaints
9. Reduced staff turnover
10. Reduced insurance premiums
11. Reduced fines and compensation claims
Money spend for safety is a investment not a cost

Sources of Information
Internal
1. Inspection reports
2. Audit Report
3. Risk assessments
4. Medical reports
5. Accident records
6. Health and safety committee
7. Plant register
8. Health and safety practitioner

External
1. Government organisations
2. National safety organisations
3. Suppliers and manufacturers
4. International standards
5. Consultants and specialists
6. Insurance Companies
7. Internet

 ILO
 OSHA (USA)
 European Agency for
Safety and Health at
Work
 HSE (UK)
 Worksafe (Western
Australia)
Management Systems

Types of Management Systems
 HSG65
“Successful Health & Safety Management Systems”
 OHSAS 18001: 2007

“Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems –
Specification”
 ILO/OSH2001 – ILO
Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health
Management Systems

Management Systems
Most of the systems are
P Step 1 Step 2
D
 Plan Establish standards Implement plans
for health & safety to achieve
 Do management
based on risk
objectives and
standards
assessment and
 Check legal requirements
 Act Step 4
Review against
Step 3
Measure progress
objectives and with plans and
standards and compliance with
take appropriate standards
action
A C

HSG 65 (HSE 2003)
Policy
Information link
Organising Control link
Audit and Planning &

review implementing
Measuring
performance
Reviewing
performance

STEP 1: SET YOUR POLICY

STEP 2: ORGANISE YOUR STAFF
The four 'Cs' of positive health and safety culture
1 Competence:
recruitment, training and advisory support.
2 Control:
allocating responsibilities, securing commitment,
instruction and supervision.
3 Co-operation:
between individuals and groups.
4 Communication:
spoken, written and visible.

Competence
 Assess the skills needed to carry out all tasks safely.
• Provide the means to ensure that all employees, including your

managers, supervisors and temporary staff, are adequately
instructed and trained.
• Ensure that people doing especially dangerous work have the

necessary training, experience and other qualities to carry out the
work safely.
• Arrange for access to sound advice and help.
• Carry out restructuring or re organisation to ensure the competence

of those taking on new health and safety responsibilities.

Control
Lead by example:
Identify people responsible
Every one understand their responsibilities and have the

time and resources to carry them out.
 Ensure everyone knows what they must do and how

they will be held accountable - set objectives.

Co-operation
 Chair your health and safety committee
 Consult staff and their representatives.
 Involve staff in planning and reviewing performance,

writing procedures and solving problems.
 Co-ordinate and co-operate with those contractors who

work on your premises.

Communication
 Provide information about hazards, risks and
preventive measures to employees and contractors
working on your premises.
 Discuss health and safety regularly.
 Be 'visible' on health and safety.

STEP 3 : Planning and Implementation
1. Set targets
2. Identify hazards, assess and control risks
3. Standard setting and monitoring
4. Legal compliance
5. Safe systems of work
6. Purchase policy
7. Control of contractors
8. Emergency procedures

PLAN & IMPLEMENT
Proactive Measures Corrective and Preventive Measures
• Safety Manual • Accident Reporting System
• Safety Procedure Manual • Accident Investigation
• Safety Operating Procedure • Analyzing the first aid cases
• Project HSE Plan Performance Measurement and Review
Systems
• Project HSE Committee
• Internal HSE Audits
• Group Risk Assessment
• Management Review meeting
• HSE Training
• Evaluation of Sub-contractors
• PEP Talk
• Accident Statistics
• Work Permit System
• Induction of workmen
Monitoring Measures HSE Reward & Reprimand

• General HSE Inspection • Annual Safety Trophy Scheme
NEBOSH-IGC Course 40
STEP 4: MEASURE YOUR PERFORMANCE
One need to know:

Where you are;
Where you want to be;
What is the difference - and why.

FREQUENCY RATE
Indian Standard
Number of Reportable lost time injuries per
million manhours worked.
FREQUENCY RATE =
Total No. of Reportable Accidents
----------------------------------------------- x 10
6
(FR)
Total Man hours Worked
OSHA Standard
Lost Time Injury Incidence Rate
It is the no of LTI cases per 2,00,000 manhours worked.

SEVERITY RATE
Number of man days lost due to reportable lost
time injuries per million manhours worked.
Man days lost due to

Reportable accident x 106
SEVERITY RATE = ----------------------------------------
(SR) - Total Man hours Worked

INCIDENCE RATE
Ratio of number of reportable lost time injuries to
the number of persons during the period under
review. It is expressed as number of injuries per
1000 persons employed.
INCIDENCE Number of Reportable Lost Time Injuries X 1000

RATE -------------------------------------------------------------
Average Number of Persons Employed

Management System
Reviewing: Analysing data gathered
through monitoring to see whether
performance is adequate
Audit: Systematic critical examination
of each stage of an organisation’s
management systems and procedures

OHSAS 18001

ILO-OSH, 2001 (ILO)
Continual
improvement  Policy
Policy
 Organising
Action for Organising  Planning and
improvement
Audit Implementation
 Evaluation
Evaluation Planning &
implementation
 Action for
Continual improvement
improvement

Any Questions

IGC1-1 H&S Foundation

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IGC1-1

Foundations in Health & Safety

IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 1

 Definitions of Health, Safety, Accidents etc.

 Moral, Legal and Economic reasons for health and safety in

 Elements of H&S Management System

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 2

Safety : the protection of people from physical injury.

Welfare : Looking after people’s basic needs

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 3

OSH Management System

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 4

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 5

Dangerous Occurrence Dangerous

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 6

Risk A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 7

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 9

 Worldwide, there are around 270 million

 The deaths due to work-related accidents and

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 10

INDIA 458,720,000 419,560,000 48,176 36,765,877

Other Asia and Islands 404,487,050 328,673,800 83,048 63,378,830

Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) 260,725,947 10,540,604 54,705 41,748,723

Latin America (LAC) 193,426,602 11,460,496 29,594 22,584,726

Middle East Crescent

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 12

“Liability" means responsibility

“Legal Liability" means responsibilities

Legal Liability -Criminal Liability and Civil

 Between the Claimant / plaintiff and the Defendant

 The level of proof is the balance of probability

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 14

The party making the claim for compensation has to show:

They were owed a duty of care - (the employer

The duty was breached - not carried out acceptably,

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 15

 Between the state and accused

 The level of proof is beyond all reasonable

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 16

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 17

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 18

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 19

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 20

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 21

DIRECT COSTS - Insurable

INDIRECT COSTS - Uninsurable

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 22

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 23

Money spend for safety is a investment not a cost

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 25

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 26

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 28

 OHSAS 18001: 2007

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 29

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 31

Audit and Planning &

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 32

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 33

The four 'Cs' of positive health and safety culture

NEBOSH-IGC Course IGC1-1 Foundation Health & safety 34

• Provide the means to ensure that all employees, including your