Chapters 30- 32

Women’s Rights and Public Policy (cont'd)

• The shift to service jobs also stimulated an increase in working
women.
• Roe v. Wade
• U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1973 that disallowed state laws prohibiting
abortion during the first three months (trimester) of pregnancy and established
guidelines for abortion in the second and third trimesters.
Women’s Rights and Public Policy
• In Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court accorded women
abortion rights.
• The Equal Rights Amendment and Roe v. Wade opened sharp
debates on women’s rights and abortion.
AIDS and Gay Activism
• The Stonewall Revolt began the gay rights movement.
• The AIDS outbreak changed the character of life in gay
communities.
• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
• A complex of deadly pathologies resulting from infection with the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Reagan’s Domestic Revolution
• Building on a conservative critique of American policies and
developing issues that Carter had placed on the national
agenda, Ronald Reagan presided over revolutionary changes in
U.S. government and policies.
Ronald Reagan and his wife, Nancy, celebrate
Reagan’s inauguration as president.
Reaganomics:
Deficits and Deregulation
• The Reagan Revolution was based on the Economic Recovery
and Tax and Act of 1981 that reduced personal income tax by
25 percent over three years. The Reagan administration also
shifted funding from domestic to military programs. Social
programs would have to be enacted at the state or local level.
Reaganomics:
Deficits and Deregulation (cont’d)
• The second part of the economic agenda was deregulation.
• Corporate America attacked environmental legislation as
strangulation by regulation. Reagan slashed the Environmental
Protection Agency budget.
Reaganomics:
Deficits and Deregulation (cont’d)
• Reagan deregulated the banking industry and the national
economy boomed in the short-term.
• Economic Recovery and Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA)
• A major revision of the federal income tax system.
Reaganomics:
Deficits and Deregulation (cont’d)
• Deregulation
• Reduction or removal of government regulations and encouragement of direct
competition in many important industries and economic sectors.
• Sagebrush Rebellion
• Political movement in the western states in the early 1980s that called for easing
of regulations on the economic use of federal lands and the transfer of some or
all of those lands to state ownership.
Confronting the Soviet Union (cont'd)
• The focus was on central Europe, and Reagan began deploying
missiles in Europe that escalated the nuclear arms race.
Confronting the Soviet Union (cont'd)
• Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative, also called
Star Wars.
• Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
• President Reagan’s program, announced in 1983, to defend the United States
against nuclear missile attack with untested weapons systems and sophisticated
technologies; also known as “Star Wars.”
Risky Business:
Foreign Policy Adventures
• The Reagan Doctrine said that Soviet-influenced governments
in Asia, Africa, and Latin America needed to be eliminated if the
United States was to win the Cold War.
• Central America became the focus of a secret CIA foreign policy
against Nicaragua.
Risky Business:
Foreign Policy Adventures (cont'd)
• The United States war on drugs included an invasion of
Panama.
• Reagan’s intervention in the Middle East failed as a terrorist
bomb killed 241 Marines in Lebanon.
• The Iran-Contra Affair ended in a scandal of illegality and
unconstitutional actions. Oliver North lied to Congress.
Risky Business:
Foreign Policy Adventures (cont'd)
• In Asia, the United States helped install democratic
governments in the Philippines and South Korea.
• Reagan Doctrine
• The policy assumption that Soviet-influenced governments in Asia, Africa, and
Latin America needed to be eliminated if the United States was to win the Cold
War.
Embracing Perestroika
• Mikhail Gorbachev began the thaw in the Cold War with his
glasnost and perestroika policies that opened up the Soviet
Union and restructured the Soviet economy.
Embracing Perestroika (cont’d)
• Reagan had the vision to embrace the new Soviet position. He
met with Gorbachev and negotiated the Intermediate Nuclear
Force Agreement that was the first true nuclear disarmament
treaty.
• Glasnost
• Russian for “openness,” applied to Mikhail Gorbachev’s encouragement of new
ideas and easing of political repression in the Soviet Union.
Embracing Perestroika (cont’d)
• Perestroika
• Russian for “restructuring,” applied to Mikhail Gorbachev’s efforts to make the
Soviet economic and political systems more modern, flexible, and innovative.
• Intermediate Nuclear Force Agreement (INF)
• Disarmament agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union under
which an entire class of missiles would be removed and destroyed and on-site
inspections would be permitted for verification.
Crisis and Democracy in Eastern Europe
• Bush pushed the pro-democratic transformation of Eastern
Europe.
• The East Germans opened the Berlin Wall in 1989. By the end
of 1989, new democratic, non-Communist governments had
emerged in several eastern European governments.
• In 1990, Germany reunified.
Why Did the Cold War End?
The Persian Gulf War
• After Iraq invaded Kuwait, President Bush led a United Nations
coalition that ultimately fought the Gulf War that liberated Kuwait
but did not topple the Iraqi government.
• Operation Desert Storm
• Code name for the successful offensive against Iraq by the United States and its
allies in the Persian Gulf War (1991).
The Persian Gulf War (cont'd)
• Persian Gulf War
• War (1991) between Iraq and a U.S.-led coalition that followed Iraq’s invasion of
Kuwait and resulted in the expulsion of Iraqi forces from that country.
MAP 30–3 The Persian Gulf War
Americans from Around the World (cont'd)
• Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
• Federal legislation that replaced the national quota system for immigration with
overall limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and
120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere.
Survivors of Hurricane Katrina
struggle to reach temporary safety at
the Louisiana Superdome in New
Orleans on August 30, 2005.
Learning Objectives (cont'd)
• What were the causes of the Great Recession?
• How did the government and the American people respond to
the enormous challenges of the first decade of the twenty-first
century?
The Election of 1992:
A New Generation (cont’d)
• Bush campaigned as a foreign policy expert while Clinton
hammered away at economic issues and Perot’s erratic
behavior reduced his appeal.
• Clinton won the 1992 election.
Clinton’s Neoliberalism (cont’d)
• Neoliberal
• Advocate of or participant in the effort to reshape the Democratic Party for the
1990s around a policy emphasizing economic growth and competitiveness in the
world economy.
Morality and Partisanship (cont'd)
• Whitewater
• Arkansas real estate development in which Bill and Hillary Clinton were investors;
several fraud convictions resulted from investigations into Whitewater, but
evidence was not found that the Clintons were involved in wrongdoing.
Presidential Impeachment
In the World Market (cont'd)
• The World Trade Organization replaced GATT in 1996 and
became the target of a global protest movement.
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
• Agreement reached in 1993 by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to
substantially reduce barriers to trade.
In the World Market (cont'd)
• The World Trade Organization replaced GATT in 1996 and
became the target of a global protest movement.
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
• Agreement reached in 1993 by Canada, Mexico, and the United States to
substantially reduce barriers to trade.
Rights and Opportunities (cont'd)
• Proposition 187
• California legislation adopted by popular vote in California in 1994, which cuts off
state-funded health and education benefits to undocumented or illegal
immigrants.
• Affirmative Action
• A set of policies to open opportunities in business and education for members of
minority groups and women by allowing race and sex to be factors included in
decisions to hire, award contracts, or admit students to higher education
programs.
Rights and Opportunities (cont'd)
• University of California v. Bakke
• U.S. Supreme Court case in 1978 that allowed race to be used as one of several
factors in college and university admission decisions but made rigid quotas
unacceptable.
Enduring Disparities: Health, Education, and
Incarceration
• Socioeconomic Stressors
• African Americans have highest rates of mortality and morbidity from almost
all disease
• Asthma; diabetes; cancer; cardiovascular disease
• Chief factor in poor health may be where
blacks live
• High density neighborhoods with environmental pollution; substandard housing and
schools, high
crime rates
• Healthy food is also expensive and relatively inaccessible

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 36

Enduring Disparities: Health, Education, and
Incarceration
• Blacks have less access than other Americans to private or employment-based
insurance
• Lack of awareness of differing cultural perceptions of illness among medical
community
• The AIDS Crisis
• African Americans disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS (50% in 2005)
• Homophobia; injection drug use; the “Down Low”; incarceration

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 37

Enduring Disparities: Health, Education, and
Incarceration
• Incarceration and Education
• 47% of nation’s prison population is black; majority are male, and 40% are
between the ages of 17 and 27
• Lack of educational attainment huge factor
• More Than Just Race – William Julius Wilson
• Nexus of race, education, and employability
• Long sentences for nonviolent drug crimes;
little rehabilitation or job-skills training in prison
• Left with few options for legal employment

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 38

Forgotten in Hurricane Katrina
• Forgotten in Hurricane Katrina
• Many African Americans perceived a racial bias in government’s response to
Hurricane victims
• Allocation of FEMA trailers
• Disproportionately affected black and poor population – often one and the
same
• Media bias; differing characterizations of white and blacks getting food –
“looting”
• 2006 Mayor Ray Nagin proclaimed that New Orleans would once again be a
“chocolate city”

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 39

 New Orleans
residents in the
aftermath of
Hurricane Katrina

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 40

Hip Hop’s Global Generation
• Hip Hop Abroad
• Hip Hop used to mobilize social and political movements, resist political
marginalization, and raise awareness of health issues
• Hip Hop assumes two forms
• Commercialized; identified with record industry
• “Underground”; more locally-based voice
• Hip Hop Nation
• Members of hip hop community have become a global community

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 41

Hip Hop’s Global Generation
• Remaking American Hip Hop
• Growing interest in reorienting the U.S. Hip Hop generation
• Project Blowed
• Hip Hop for Social Change Conference
• National Hip Hop Political Convention
• Hip Hop Summit Action; “One Mind, One Vote”
• Citizen Change; “Vote or Die”
• Hip Hop entertainers became cultural ambassadors for Obama’s campaign

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 42

September 11, 2001
• The Al-Qaeda network planned and implemented the terrorist
attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.
• The events of September 11 were an enormous shock to
Americans.
• Worries about terrorism were not new. Detailed warnings had
been given in the report of the U.S. National Commission on
National Security in the 21st Century.
Flames shoot from the
South Tower of the World
Trade Center in New York
Security and Conflict
• Bush called the terrorist attacks acts of war and launched the
war on terrorism.
• Congress gave the president sweeping powers and later
passed the PATRIOT Act and approved the reorganization of
the government.
Security and Conflict (cont'd)
• PATRIOT Act
• Federal legislation adopted in 2001, in response to the terrorist attacks of
September 11, intended to facilitate antiterror actions by federal law enforcement
and intelligence agencies.
Iraq and Conflicts in the Middle East
• Bush named Iraq, North Korea, and Iran an “axis of evil.”
• The United States watched as the Israeli-Palestinian
agreements for transition to a Palestinian state collapsed.
• In spring and summer of 2002, the Bush administration began
preparations for war against Iraq.
MAP 31–4 U.S. Military Involvement in Western
Asia
Hurricane and Financial Storm (cont'd)
• Financial disaster struck in 2008 in a cascading effect led by the
collapse of the real estate market and the subprime mortgage
crisis. A huge influx of government bailout funds was deployed
to stabilize critical sectors of the economy.
• Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)
• Federal program in 2008 to purchase or guarantee shaky bank assets to protect
the economy from widespread bank failures.
The Obama Phenomenon
• With the election of Barack Obama in 2008, the United States
passed an important step in its national maturity by electing an
African American as president.
• The enthusiasm of Obama’s campaign quickly gave way to
political realities. By 2010, the American people no longer
trusted either party to deliver the change they desired.
Core Support for Republicans and Democrats in 2008
The Obama family