Universe and Solar

System
 Universe
Structure, Composition and Age
 Structure and composition

It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter.

24% cold dark matter,

and 71.4% dark energy

Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most abundant elements.

Dark matter Dark energy

can explain what may be can explain the observed
holding galaxies together for accelerating expansion of
the reason that the low total the universe
mass is insufficient for
gravity alone to do so
The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as
planets, asteroids, or other bodies
in the accompanying planetary
system.
 Age

Based on recent data, the universe is 13.8 billion

years old.
The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should be at

least 91 billion light-years.

How is Star Born?

When atoms of light elements are squeezed

under pressure for their nuclei to undergo
fusion.
The Life of a Star.
 Just to inform you,

Our Sun is about 4.6 billion years old.

 Black Hole

A black hole is a place

in space where gravity
pulls so much that
even light can not get
out.

The gravity is so
strong because matter
has been squeezed
into a tiny space.
 Expanding Universe

in 1929, Edwin Hubble

announced his significant
discovery of the

“redshift”
 Redshift
Galaxies are moving away from each other, hence as evidence
for an expanding universe, just as predicted by Einstein’s
Theory of General Relativity.

Two ways by which astronomers estimate the age of the

universe :

1) by estimating the age of the looking oldest stars; and

2) by measuring the rate of expansion of the universe and

extrapolating back to the Big Bang.
Doppler Effect
 Theories of Universe

Non-scientific Thought

Scientific Thought
 Non-scientific Thought

Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths which

narrate that the world arose from an infinite sea at the first
rising of the sun.

The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a creator god
Mbombo who, alone in a dark and water-covered Earth, felt an
intense stomach pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and
moon.
 Non-scientific Thought…

In India, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed Purusha, the

primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky,
earth, sun, and moon respectively.

The monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

claim that a supreme being created the universe, including man
and other living organisms.
 Scientific Thought

Steady State Model

The now discredited steady state model of
the universe was proposed in 1948 by
Bondi, Gould and by Hoyle.

It maintains that new matter is created as

the universe expands thereby maintaining
its density.
 Scientific Thought
Big Bang Theory

The theory states that about

13.7 billion years ago all the
matter in the Universe was
concentrated into a single
incredibly tiny point. This
began to enlarge rapidly in a
hot explosion, and it is still
expanding today.
 Showcase your PLANET.

You are the ambassadors of your Planets.

Each group have freedom what to and how you will present it in
the class.

Audience will also be given the Rubric (by group) We will get
the average score.

-performance task
Rubrics
 Assignment:

Answer in Schoology.
Post will only be available until tomorrow 12 midnight.

What is the fate of the universe? Will the

universe continue to expand or will it
eventually contract because of gravity?

10 points.
Solar System
Solar System
Sun,

Eight Planets,

Dwarf Planets Such as Pluto,

Satellites,

Asteroids,

Comets

and other minor bodies such

as Kuiper Belt and
interplanetary dust.
The solar system
is located in the
Milky Way
galaxy
a huge disc- and
spiral-shaped
aggregation of
about at least 100
billion stars and
other bodies
 Large Scale Features of the Solar System

Much of the mass of the Solar System is concentrated at the

center (Sun) while angular momentum is held by the outer planets.

Orbits of the planets elliptical and are on the same plane.

All planets revolve around the sun.

The periods of revolution of the planets increase with increasing

distance from the Sun; the innermost planet moves fastest, the
outermost, the slowest;

All planets are located at regular intervals from the Sun.

 Small scale features of the Solar
System
Most planets rotate prograde

Inner terrestrial planets are made of materials with high melting

points such as silicates, iron , and nickel. They rotate slower,
have thin or no atmosphere, higher densities, and lower
contents of volatiles - hydrogen, helium, and noble gases.

The outer four planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are
called "gas giants" because of the dominance of gases and
their larger size. They rotate faster, have thick atmosphere,
lower densities, and fluid interiors rich in hydrogen, helium and
ices (water, ammonia, methane).
 Getting to know you.

Mercury
World of Extremes

On mercury, temp ranges from scorching 801oF

Like the earths moon, Mercury has only a very,

very thin exosphere to impacts and so discovered
craters.
 Getting to know you.

Venus
In Depth

Similar in structure and size to Earth,

thick, toxic atmosphere traps heat

in a runaway greenhouse effect.

A permanent layer of clouds traps heat, creating

surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead.
 Getting to know you.

Earth
There’s no place like home.

Earth, our home planet, is the only planet in our solar system known
to harbor life – life that is incredibly diverse.

All the things we need to survive exist under a thin layer of

atmosphere that separates us from the cold, airless void of space.
Getting to know you.
Mars
Martian Atmosphere

Mars is a cold desert world. It is half the diameter of

Earth and has the same amount of dry land.

Like Earth, Mars has seasons, polar ice caps,

volcanoes, canyons and weather,
but its atmosphere is too thin for liquid water to exist
for long on the surface.

There are signs of ancient floods on Mars,

but evidence for water now exists mainly in icy soil
and thin clouds.
 Getting to know you.
Jupiter
King of the planets

Most massive planet in our solar system -- with dozens of

moons and an enormous magnetic field -- forms a kind of
miniature solar system.

The planet's swirling cloud stripes are punctuated by massive

storms such as the Great Red Spot, which has raged for
hundreds of years.
 Getting to know you.

Saturn
Jewel of Our Solar System

Adorned with thousands of beautiful ringlets, Saturn is unique

among the planets.

Like the other gas giants, Saturn is mostly a massive ball of

hydrogen and helium.
 Getting to know you.
Uranus
The Sideways Planet: Ice Giant

Uranus is the only giant planet whose equator

is nearly at right angles to its orbit.

A collision with an Earth-sized object may explain

the unique tilt.

Nearly a twin in size to Neptune, Uranus has more methane

in its mainly hydrogen and helium atmosphere than Jupiter
or Saturn.
 Getting to know you.
Neptune
Windiest Planet

Dark, cold and whipped by supersonic winds, Neptune is the

last of the hydrogen and helium gas giants in our solar system.

More than 30 times as far from the sun as Earth, the planet
takes almost 165 Earth years to orbit our sun.
 Getting to know you.
Planet “X”
Hypothetical Planet: Planet Nine

This hypothetical Neptune-sized planet orbits our sun in a

highly elongated orbit far beyond Pluto.

Have a mass about 10 times that of Earth and orbit about

20 times farther from the sun on average than Neptune.

It may take between 10,000 and 20,000 Earth years to

make one full orbit around the sun.
Unique Earth
 The Earth itself
Like no other planet, ours is covered with green
vegetation, enormous blue-green oceans
containing over a million islands, hundreds
of thousands of streams and rivers, huge
land masses called continents, mountains,
ice caps, and deserts that produce a spectacular
variety of color and texture.
 The Sun and the Moon
The sun provides the earth with
energy estimated at over 239
trillion horsepower, about
35,000 horsepower for each
current resident.

If the moon was much larger or nearer

to the earth, the huge tides that would
result would overflow onto the lowlands
and erode the mountains.
 The Miracle of Water

The earth is the only known planet with huge bodies of water.
Seventy percent of its surface area consists of oceans, lakes,
and seas surrounding huge bodies of land. The few other
planets that have water contain only moisture floating as vapor
on their surface or small amounts of ice or liquid water on the
planet itself, not large bodies of liquid water as on earth.
 The Miracle of Air

The air close to the earth's surface is heated by light energy

from the sun, and after the air is warmed it becomes less dense
and rises upward. The result is that the air near the earth's
surface maintains a temperature in which life can exist.
 Unique Environment for Life

Earth is far better suited for life than any other planet, yet even
here most of the environments are too hot, too cold, too far
underground or too far above ground to support much life.

In the many thousands of miles of changing environments from

the center of the earth to the edge of its atmosphere, there are
only a few meters of habitable environment for most life forms,
and therefore, almost all creatures are forced to live there.
 Assignment

Answer in Schoology.
Post will only be available until tomorrow 12 midnight.

Is the Solar System unique or rare? What is

the possibility of finding a similar system
within the Milky Way Galaxy? What about an
Earth like planet?