Bio Medical Engineering

Module 1
 Cardiovascular System
• Complex closed hydraulic system
• Helps in transportation of oxygen, carbon-dioxide, chemical
compounds and blood cells
• Heart:
– 4 chambers: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle
– 4 valves: tricuspid valve, bicuspid mitral valve, pulmonary valve,
aortic valve
– 3 layers: pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
– 3 blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
– 2 pumping stages
– 2 circulation: pulmonary circulation, systematic circulation
 Cardiovascular System Cont.
Valves in Heart
 Cardiovascular System Cont.
Layers Of Heart

Blood Vessels In Heart

 Cardiovascular System Cont.

Pulmonary circulation

Systematic circulation
 Cardiovascular System Cont.
Engineering view of cardiovascular
• 4 chamber pump : heart
• Connected to elastic tubing : blood vessels
• Diameter change: arteries
• Reservoirs in the system: veins
• Speed of the pump: heart rate
• Fluid acting for communication: blood
• Part of system working against gravity
Cardiovascular System
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Control & communication network
• Highly developed and complex
Nervous System
Central Peripheral
Encephalon spinal cord
nerves
groups of
neurons outside
brain & spinal
cord
 NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
• Three parts of brain:
– Cerebrum
– Cerebellum
• Microcomputer
• Muscle motions
• Maintain body balance
– Brain stem
• Medulla oblongata
• Mid brain
• Diencephalon : thalamus & hypothalamus
 NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
cerebrum

Left Right

Occipital

temporal parietal
frontal
Store
Sensory inputs visual
•Intelligence memories
Long term
•Constructive storage
imagination
•Temporary
storage
NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
• Communication network of the body
• Center- self adapting central information
processor/computer-B
• Memory, computational power, decision
making capability, input and output channels
• Bring sensory information
• Transmit control information
• Lines-interconnections-from sensory devices
 NERVOUS SYSTEM Cont.
• Output send to motor devices
• Feedback is provided through sensors
• Information coding(serial &parallel) done by
electrochemical pulses
• Travel along signal lines
 Sources of Bio Electric Potentials
• Bioelectric potentials- ionic voltages produced
due to electrochemical activity of special cells
• Transducers to convert ionic potentials to
electrical signals- diagnosis
Resting & Action Potentials
• K+,Cl- in cell
• Na+ outside
 Fluids containing
Na+, K+, Cl- ions

Semi permeable
membrane

cell
 Resting Potential

• Cell in resting state is said to be polarized

•Resting potential is negative
•Range from -60 to -100 mV
 Action Potential

• Cell in action potential is said to be de-polarized

•Action potential is positive
• Approx. +20 mV
 Action Potential
Electrical activity
Typical Action Potential Waveform
 Action Potential Cont.
• All or nothing law (action potential same for
all cell regardless of stimulus)
• Net height (difference in peak height)
• Absolute refractory period(1ms) – cannot
respond to any stimulus
• Relative refractory period – another action
potential can be triggered but greater
stimulus, stimulus threshold
 Propagation of Action Potentials
• Cell excited generates action potential
• In nerve case, action potential moves in both direction from
the point of excitation
• Nerve cells excited near input ends
• Cannot re-excite immediately due to refractory period
• The rate of propagation of action potential down a fiber or
cell to cell is propagation rate
• In nerve cells its nerve conduction rate or conduction velocity
• Velocity varies depending on type and diameter of nerve
• Velocity range is 20-140 m/s
 Bioelectric Potentials
ECG(Electrocardiogram)
• Biopotentials
generated by muscles
of heart is
electrocardiogram
(ECG)

Figure: conducting system

Electrical Conductivity In Heart
 Electroencephalogram(EEG)
• Recorded representation of neuronal activity in brain
-EEG
• Complex than ECG
• Varies greatly with the location of measure on scalp
• Affected by mental activity of a person
• The period of high frequency that occurs during
sleep is paradoxical sleep or Rapid Eye
Movement(REM) sleep
• Another form of measurement is evoked response
Electroencephalogram(EEG) Cont.
 Electromyogram(EMG)
• Bioelectric potentials associated with muscle activity
• Measured at the surface of skin with needle
electrodes
• It’s a summation of individual action potential that
constitutes the muscle
• Action potential has fixed magnitude
• Pulse doesn’t change with regard to muscle activity
but increase the rate of muscle fiber fires and
activated
Electromyogram(EMG) Cont.
Other Bioelectric Potentials
 Electrode theory
• Refer pdf.