Presentation on the Papers

i) 3D/2D Multidimensional Perovskites: Balance of High Performance and Stability for Perovskite Solar Cells
Fei Zhang , Donghoe Kim , Kai Zhu
Journal: Current opinion in Electrochemistry

ii) Recent Progress in 2D/3D Multidimensional Metal Halide Perovskites Solar Cells
Chuangye Ge, Y.Z.B Xue, Liang Li, Bin Tang and Hanlin Hu
Journal: Frontiers in Materials

Presented by
Md. Mahfuzul Haque
PhD Student
 Presentation Outline

– 3D Perovskite Solar Cells

– 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

– 3D/2D Multidimensional Perovskites

– Structure of 3D/2D Multidimensional Perovskites

– Bandgap of 3D/2D Multidimensional Perovskites

– Excitonic properties of 3D/2D Multidimensional Perovskites

– Stability

– Interface Engineering using 2D perovskites

– Prospective of 3D/2D multidimensional perovskites

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 Three-dimensional (3D) Perovskite Solar Cells and Problems

• Achieved power conversion efficiency of 3D PSCs is already

competitive (PCE above 25%) with that of commercial silicon solar
cells. But the main challenge is lower stability against
- Moisture
- Heat
- Light

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 Solutions for overcoming the Problems of Three-dimensional (3D)
Perovskite Solar Cells

• Researchers have devoted tremendous effort to enhance the stability

of 3D PSCs and obtained inspiring progress through various
approaches such as
- compositional engineering
- interfacial regulation
- defects passivation
- device encapsulation etc.

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Long Chain Cation based Two-dimensional (2D) Perovskites Solar Cells : A
Solution for Stability

• Introducing long chain bulky organic cations (e.g., C8H9NH3+ or

PEA+) in 2D perovskites can increase the stability issue because:
- These cations can provide steric hindrance for the surface
water absorption
- These cations are hydrophobic and so these can effectively
block the accessible pathways of moisture invasion.

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 Problems with 2D PSCs

• Though 2D perovskites show greater stability but they are not

suitable for high performance solar cells because of
- Wide optical bandgap

- Reduced charge transport due to long

organic spacing-ligand.

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 3D/2D Multidimensional Perovskites

• 3D/2D multidimensional perovskites = Combination of 3D and

2D perovskites
• Principle: 2D perovskite works as moisture shields
3D perovskite facilitates the charge transfer

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 Structure of 3D/2D Multidimensional Perovskite
• The 3D/2D multidimensional perovskite is defined as M2An-1BnX3n-1,
where M is large cation such as BA = butylammonium
PEA = phenylethylammonium
CA = cyclopropylammonium
PEI = polyethylenimine
IEA = iodoethylammonium
EDA = ethane-1,2-diammonium
AVA = ammoniumvaleric acid

A is methylammonium (MA), formamidinium (FA), or Cs,

B is Pb or Sn, and X is a halide anion, namely, I, Br, or Cl.
n = number of layers of metal halide sheets; n = ∞ corresponds to 3D
and n = 1 corresponds to 2D.
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Differentiation between 2D and 3D Perovskites

Figure 2

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Organic Cations Used in 3D/2D
Multidimensional Perovskites

Figure 2

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Schematic Device Structure for 2D/3D
Multidimensional Perovskites

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 Bandgap Properties of 3D/2D Multidimensional
Perovskite
• Optical bandgap of M2An-1BnX3n+1 depends on the value of n.

Example: Eg of BA2MAn-1PbnI3n+1 increases with the decreased value of n

as 1.52 eV (n= ∞) and 2.24 eV (n=1) as shown in figure.
• Bandgap tuning is flexible for the 3D/2D

multidimensional perovskites which are clearly

visible from the figure.

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 Excitonic Properties of 3D/2D Multidimensional
Perovskite
• Exciton = Bound state of an electron and a hole that are attracted by the
electrostatic Coulomb force.
• Large binding energies of several hundreds of meV are found in 2D
structures. This is for the large exciton in the

2D structure due to the confinement from large

organic spacers.

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 Stability of 2D/3D Multidimensional Perovskite
Solar Cells
• There are several types of stability increment for the 2D/3D multidimensional
perovskite solar cells. Such as :

- Moisture stability
- Illumination stability
- Thermal stability

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 Moisture Stability of 3D/2D Multidimensional
Perovskites
Figure shows the result of humidity tests under 65% relative humidity
chamber.

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 Illumination Stability of 3D/2D Multidimensional
Perovskites
Figure shows the result of photo-stability test from maximum power point
tracking under 800h continuous illumination of full intensity in an inert gas
and ambient environment with encapsulated glass.

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 Thermal Stability of 3D/2D Multidimensional
Perovskites

Figure shows the result of normalized PCE in thermal stress test over time.

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 Stability of 2D Layered Perovskites as Interface
Engineering Layers
• Thin 2D perovskite films can also be introduced as an interfacial layer on
top of 3D perovskites. It is normally done via two steps:
Firstly, a 3D perovskite layer with more Pb2+ ions is deposited by spin
coating.
Secondly, an IPA solution of 2D cations was spin coated on top of the
deposited 3D perovskite films.
• This type of PSCs having interface engineered shows 15% less illumination
degradation than the cells which are not interface engineered like this.

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 Challenges of 3D/2D Multidimensional
Perovskite
• There is not enough study on the bulk mixture of 2D/3D perovskite
regarding their capability in the enhancement of device performance.
• Accurate analysis of the crystal structure of 2D/3D perovskites is
another challenge. It is essential for revealing the mechanism of 2D/3D
perovskite formation and charge transport.
• Establishing a strong molecular library by investigating the effect of
different molecular lengths, conjugated groups, functional units, and the
substituent groups on the charge-transfer capacity and other properties.

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 Prospective of 3D/2D Multidimensional
Perovskite
• Through material engineering numerous kinds of 2D perovskites can be
synthesized.
• Unknown properties can be investigated.
• Newly raised theoretical computational study would speed up the process
of 2D materials screening and application.
• With the increase of the bandgap, 2D perovskite may be ideal for tandem
solar cells in the future advance of energy harvesting.

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Thank You