E Classroom: Slide 1/167

13 From Atoms to Materials 中 /EN
Flipped classroom
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 1/167

13.5 Materials of the modern world
These objects are

glasses frame
made from modern
materials
door knob
alloys and plastics.
coins shoes stool

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 2/167
A. Alloys
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 3/167

1. What are alloys?
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 4/167

An alloy is a mixture of a
metal and one or a few other
elements.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 5/167

An alloy is usually made by heating the

metal (A) and other elements (B)
together, causing them to melt and
mix.
metal A mixed
with element B
metal A element B alloy

(metal or non-
metal)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 6/167
2. Uses of alloys
in daily life
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 7/167

Alloys usually have more useful

properties than any one of the
constituent metals.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 8/167

For example
Steel
•an alloy of iron (mixture of about 95% iron and
5% carbon)
• stronger and harder than iron
• widely used as the frames of many buildings
and in the construction of bridges
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 9/167

For example
Stainless steel
•an alloy of iron (mixture of about 70% iron, 20%
chromium, 9.5% nickel and 0.5% carbon)
• stronger and more resistant to corrosion than
iron
• used in making cooking utensils, tableware

and surgical tools
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 10/167
Some alloys, their composition, properties
and uses:
Alloy Composition Properties Uses
Making motor
car bodies,
Stronger
construction
Iron (99.8%), than iron,
Carbon materials
carbon more
steel
(0.2%) resistant to
corrosion
steel reinforcement
bars
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 11/167
and uses:
Making aircraft
Titanium bodies,
Very
(90%), spacecraft
strong,
Titanium aluminium bodies, glasses
low
alloy (6%), frames
density
vanadium
(4%)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 12/167

and uses:
Making statues
Harder
than
Copper
copper and
Bronze (90%),
tin, more
tin (10%)
resistant to
corrosion
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 13/167

and uses:
Making
Harder musical
than instruments,
Copper (70%), copper and door knobs
Brass
zinc (30%) zinc, more and keys
resistant to
corrosion
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 14/167

and uses:
AlloyComposition Properties Uses
Aluminium
(95%), copper Stronger
(3%), than Making
Duralumin magnesium aluminium, aircraft
(1%), low density bodies
manganese
(1%)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 15/167

and uses:
Making coins
Harder and
Copper, zinc,
shinier than
Coinage nickel and tin
copper, and
metals in different
resistant to
proportions
corrosion
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 16/167

and uses:
Gold (major
component),
Harder and Making
Carat silver and
shinier than ornaments,
gold copper in
pure gold coins
different
proportions
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 17/167

and uses:
For joining
Has a lower
electronic
melting
parts in circuit
point than
Tin (50%), boards
Solder tin and lead
lead (50%)
but harder
than tin and
lead
solder
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 18/167
• An alloy is made by mixing a

metal with one or more
elements
___________.
• An alloy usually has more
useful properties than any
one of the constituent metals.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 19/167

13.12 e-Checkpoint 13.12
1. True or false
(a) Brass is an alloy of copper and T
zinc.
(b) Carat gold is harder and shinier
T
than pure gold.
(c) Duralumin is used to make coins. F
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 20/167

2. Give TWO properties of the alloy that

make it suitable for the use.
(a) The statue is made of

bronze.
It is hard and resistant
___________________
to corrosion.
___________________
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 21/167

(b) The bottle opener is made of stainless

steel.
It is hard and resistant to corrosion.

__________________________________
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 22/167
B. Useful materials
from crude oil
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 23/167

Crude oil is one of the most important

natural resources on Earth. Many fuels
and plastics are made from crude oil.
petrol
liquefied plastic
petroleum gas products
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 24/167
1. Composition of
crude oil
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 25/167

Crude oil is a thick,

black liquid with a
pungent odour.
Crude oil is also

known as petroleum.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 26/167

Crude oil is a mixture of many different

compounds. Most of the compounds in
crude oil are hydrocarbons.
The hydrocarbons in crude oil have

different numbers of carbon and
hydrogen atoms in their molecules.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 27/167

The simplest hydrocarbon is methane.
Each methane molecule consists of one

carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.
Some hydrocarbon molecules present in

crude oil may have up to 70 carbon
atoms.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 28/167

Only four different hydrocarbon molecules are

shown here:
ethane
methane
carbon atom
hydrogen atom
butane
propane
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 29/167
Methane
Chemical formula: CH4
carbon atom
hydrogen atom
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 30/167

Ethane
Chemical formula: C2H6
carbon atom
hydrogen atom
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 31/167

Propane
carbon
atom
hydrogen atom
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 32/167
Butane
hydrogen atom
carbon
atom
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 33/167

• Crude oil is a mixture of many

hydrocarbons
different ________________.
• Different hydrocarbons have
carbon
different numbers of _________
and ___________
hydrogen atoms in their
molecules and these molecules
therefore are of different sizes.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 34/167

True or false
(a) Hydrocarbon is a mixture of F
carbon and hydrogen.
(b) Each ethane molecule consists of T
two carbon atoms and six
hydrogen atoms.
(c) Butane is the largest hydrocarbon
F
present in crude oil.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 35/167
2. How is crude oil turned

into useful materials?
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 36/167

Is crude oil suitable

for direct use as a
fuel?
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 37/167

When crude oil is burned directly,
a lot of black
smoke and
harmful gases
are produced
crude oil
Crude oil is not suitable for direct use as
a fuel. It must be refined before it is
made useful.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 38/167
A hydrocarbon with molecules of larger

size has a higher boiling point.
For example
molecule of larger size
methane ethane propane butane
higher boiling point

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 39/167
Based on their differences in boiling

points, hydrocarbons in crude oil can be
separated into parts by a refining process
called fractional distillation.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 40/167

Each part of hydrocarbons separated in

this process is called a fraction.
Each fraction contains a mixture of

hydrocarbons with small differences in
their boiling points.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 41/167

Experiment 13.9 Watch the Expt. video
Demonstration
Separating crude oil

into different fractions
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 42/167

1. Put some glass wool into a boiling tube

and then add about 5 cm3 of crude oil to
the boiling tube. Make sure that the glass
wool is soaked with crude oil.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 43/167

2. Set up the apparatus.

boiling tube thermometer (0 C – 300
C)
glass
wool
soaked delivery tube
with test tube rack
crude test tube
oil iced
water
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 44/167

3. Heat the crude oil gently. Move the

flame backwards and forwards so that
the crude oil is heated uniformly.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 45/167

4. Collect the distillate with a boiling point

range from room temperature to 100 C.
Remove and stopper the test tube. Label it
‘1’ and put it in the test tube rack. This is
the first fraction.
the 1st fraction collected

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 46/167
5. Heat the remaining crude oil more

strongly. Use another test tube to collect
the second fraction with a boiling point
range from 100 C to 150 C. Remove the
test tube and stopper it. Label it ‘2’ and
put it in the test tube rack.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 47/167

6. Repeat Step 5 to collect the third fraction

(boiling point range from 150 C to
200 C) and the fourth fraction (boiling
point range from 200 C to 250 C). Label
these ‘3’ and ‘4’.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 48/167

7. Turn off the Bunsen burner. Now, we

have collected four fractions of crude
oil.
1 2 3 4
Boiling Room 100 C 150 C 200 C

point temp to to to to
range 100 C 150 C 200 C 250 C
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 49/167
• A hydrocarbon with molecules of larger

higher
size has a ___________ boiling point.
• Based on differences in boiling points,
hydrocarbons in crude oil can be
separated by ____________________.
fractional distillation
• Each fraction contains a mixture of
hydrocarbons with small differences in
boiling points
_________________.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 50/167

Extension
Studying the properties
of different fractions
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 51/167

Demonstration
Extension
Examining the properties
of crude oil fractions
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 52/167

1. Observe and record the colour of each

fraction obtained in Experiment 13.9.
Extension
1 2 3 4
Boiling Room 100 C 150 C 200 C

point temp to to to to
range 100 C 150 C 200 C 250 C
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 53/167
2. Tilt the stoppered tubes of each fraction

and observe how the fraction flows.
Extension
Compare the viscosity of the four
fractions and record your observations.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 54/167

3. Using a new dropper each time, add a

drop of each fraction onto each sector of
Extension
the filter paper. Record the order of
volatility (ease of evaporation).
filter paper
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 55/167
4. (a) Add five drops of the first fraction to

an evaporating dish.
Extension
(b) Light it with a burning splint. Observe
and record whether it burns easily.
burning splint
evaporating fraction
dish
heat-proof mat
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 56/167
Results
Fraction
Property
Extension
1 2 3 4
Room 100 C 150 C 200 C
Boiling point
temp to to to to
range
100 C 150 C 200 C 250 C
pale
Colour yellow yellow brown
yellow
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 57/167

Results
Fraction
Property
Extension
1 2 3 4
Room 100 C 150 C 200 C
Boiling point
temp to to to to
range
100 C 150 C 200 C 250 C
Viscosity
(1: lowest, 1 2 3 4
4: highest)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 58/167
Results
Fraction
Property
Extension
1 2 3 4
Room 100 C 150 C 200 C
Boiling point
temp to to to to
range
100 C 150 C 200 C 250 C
Volatility
(1: easiest, 4: 1 2 3 4
most difficult)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 59/167
Results
Fraction
Property
Extension
1 2 3 4
Room 100 C 150 C 200 C
Boiling point
temp to to to to
range
100 C 150 C 200 C 250 C
Flammability
(1: lowest, 4: 4 3 2 1
highest)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 60/167
Results
Fraction
Property
Extension
1 2 3 4
Room 100 C 150 C 200 C
Boiling point
temp to to to to
range
100 C 150 C 200 C 250 C
Amount of
black smoke 1 2 3 4
(1: least, 4:
most)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 61/167
Discussion
What are the differences in properties
Extension
between the fractions with different boiling
point ranges?
A crude oil fraction with a higher boiling

point range
•has a __________
darker (darker/lighter) colour;
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 62/167

A crude oil fraction with a higher boiling

point range
Extension
•is __________
more (more/less) viscous;
• is __________
less (more/less) volatile;
• is __________
less (more/less) flammable;
• produces __________
more (more/less) black
smoke when it burns.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 63/167
Extension
The properties of the
hydrocarbons are related to the
sizes of their molecules.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 64/167

Extension
Separating crude oil in
an oil refinery
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 65/167

In the oil industry, crude oil is separated

into fractions in large steel towers called
fractionating towers.
fractionating tower
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 66/167

The fractionating tower is

divided into different levels.
Each level is kept at a

particular range of
temperatures.
The lower levels are hotter

than the higher levels.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 67/167

Let’s study how crude oil is separated

into fractions in a fractionating tower.
Simulation
(Crude oil)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 68/167

1 Crude oil is first heated to about

400 C in a furnace.
a mixture of
hydrocarbons
in crude oil 400 C
Part of it becomes vapour and furnace

part of it remains as liquid. 400 C
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 69/167
2 The liquid part flows to the

bottom of the tower.
the bottom
of the tower
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 70/167

3 The vapour in the crude oil rises

up the tower.
lower temperature
higher temperature
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 71/167
Different hydrocarbons in the vapour cool and

condense at different levels of the tower.
lower
temperature
higher
temperature
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 72/167
Hydrocarbons with
smaller molecules have
lower lower boiling points.
temperature
They condense at
higher, cooler levels.
Hydrocarbons with
larger molecules have
higher boiling points.
higher They condense at
temperature lower, hotter levels.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 73/167
In the oil industry, crude oil is

separated into fractions in
fractionating towers.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 74/167

3. Uses of crude oil

fractions
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 75/167

Each fraction of crude oil consists of a

mixture of hydrocarbons with
molecules of similar size.
small differences in boiling points.
Each fraction is a mixture of

hydrocarbons of similar properties.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 76/167

Uses of crude oil fractions:
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 77/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 78/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 79/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 80/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 81/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 82/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 83/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 84/167

The uses of a crude oil fraction are

closely related to its properties.
For example
The liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
fraction burns with less dark smoke and
more easily than fuel oil. Hence, LPG is
used as domestic fuels.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 85/167

We can classify the uses of crude oil fractions

into two main categories:
Uses of crude oil fractions
as fuels as a source of
raw materials
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 86/167

As fuels kerosene used as fuels
Most of the crude

oil fractions are
used as fuels for runs on diesel oil
transportation.
fuel oil used as fuels
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 87/167

As fuels
LPG is commonly used as a Fuel oil is used as a fuel in

fuel for cooking at home. generating electricity in
power stations.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 88/167

As a source of raw materials

Some crude oil fractions are
used as raw materials for
making different chemicals.
plastic products
paints detergents solvents

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 89/167
Solvents made from crude oil are

useful. They dissolve substances that
are insoluble in water.
solvents
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 90/167

Performing a fair test for

the best solvent to remove
an oil stain on a cloth
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 91/167

1. Add 10 cm3 of solvents A, B and C to

three different Petri dishes. Label each
of them respectively.
2. Using a dropper, add a drop of oil to

each of the three pieces of cloth.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 92/167

3. Put the pieces of cloth into three separate

Petri dishes. Cover the Petri dishes with
lids.
cloth with oil stain

Petri dish
solvent A solvent B solvent C

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 93/167
4. Identify the variables in the fair test.

Independent Dependent Controlled
variable variable variables
type of amount amount of oil,
solvent of oil volume of
removed solvent,
time of
immersion
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 94/167
5. After 5 minutes, use a pair of forceps to

remove the pieces of cloth and let them
dry on a white tile.
6. Examine each piece of cloth to see if the

oil stain has dissolved and spread.
Record your results.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 95/167

Results Solvent Solvent Solvent

A B C
How much oil
does the solvent (Answers depend on
dissolve? the solvents used.)
(1: least, 3: most)
Which is the best solvent for removing oil

(Answers depend on the solvents used.)
stain?
_______________________________________
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 96/167
Crude oil is an important source of

fuels, and a source of raw materials
for making products such as plastics
and solvents.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 97/167

1. True or false
(a) A hydrocarbon with larger molecules T
has a higher boiling point.
(b) Each fraction of crude oil consists of F

hydrocarbons with the same boiling point.
(c) Crude oil can be used directly as fuel for F

vehicles.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 98/167
2. Below is an experimental set-up for fractional

distillation of crude oil.
stand thermometer
boiling tube delivery tube
test tube A
glass wool soaked
heat iced water
with crude oil
crude oil fraction
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 99/167
2. The temperature ranges of the fractions

collected is shown in the following table:
Fraction Temperature range

1 Room temperature – 100 C
2 100 C – 150 C
3 150 C – 200 C
4 200 C – 250 C
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 100/167

2. (a) Why is test tube A put in a beaker of iced

water?
It is used to cool the vapour so that the
___________________________________
vapour condenses into a liquid.
___________________________________
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 101/167

E 2. (b) Compare the fractions of different boiling

ranges. How does each of the following
properties of a fraction change when the
boiling point increases?
decreases
(i) Volatility: _______________________
decreases
(ii) Flammability : ___________________
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 102/167

3. Matching the following.

Fraction Boiling point range Common use
(1) naphtha (a) below 40 C (i) fuels for taxis
(2) liquefied (b) 70 C – 170 C (ii) production of town
petroleum gas gas
(3) bitumen (c) 170 C – 250 C (iii) fuels for buses
(4) kerosene (d) 250 C – 350 C (iv) fuels for aeroplanes
(5) diesel oil (e) over 350 C (v) covering road
surfaces
(1) b ii (2) a i (3) e v (4) c iv (5) d iii
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 103/167
C. Plastics
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 104/167

You have learned that

plastics are made from
crude oil fractions.
Do you know how they
are made?
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 105/167

1. Making plastics
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 106/167

Polyethene (PE) (also known as

polythene) is a plastic used to make a
wide range of products, for example,
plastic bags.
Let’s take the production of polyethene as an

example to learn how plastics are made.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 107/167

How plastics (e.g. polyethene) are made

1 Naphtha is first heated to a very high
temperature in the absence of air.
Most raw materials for making plastics

are derived from naphtha, which is the
crude oil fraction with boiling points
between 70 C and 170 C.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 108/167


2 The hydrocarbon molecules in naphtha
are broken down to form hydrocarbon
molecules with fewer carbon atoms.
In this process, small
hydrocarbons such as
ethene are produced.
a model of an
ethene molecule
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 109/167

3 Ethene is the raw material for making
polyethene.
Under suitable conditions, thousands
of ethene molecules join together to
form a very large molecule, a
macromolecule.
This macromolecule is a polyethene
molecule.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 110/167
The process of joining together many

small molecules repeatedly to form
macromolecules is known as
polymerization.
The small molecules are called
monomers.
The macromolecules formed are called
polymers. Plastic is an example of a
polymer.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 111/167
The diagram below illustrates the polymerization of
ethene (monomer) to form polyethene (polymer):
A model of a segment of
a polyethene molecule
polymerizatio
n
ethene polyethene
(monomer) (polymer)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 112/167
The process of polymerization can be summarized as:

polymerization
monomer polymer
An analog to illustrate the polymerization process:
joining paper
clips together
Paper clips (polymerization) Paper-clip chain
(monomer molecule) (polymer molecule)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 113/167
Making a paper weight

using polystyrene
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 114/167

1. Pour 20 cm3 of styrene slowly into a

clean, dry paper cup.
styrene
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 115/167

2. Add 8 drops of initiator to styrene.
initiator
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 116/167

2. Stir the mixture slowly with a wooden stick.

Avoid forming bubbles in the mixture.
wooden stick
stir
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 117/167

3. Add 8 drops of hardener to the mixture

and stir continuously.
hardener
stir
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 118/167

3. During stirring, what do you observe

about the mixture?
The mixture becomes more viscous
__________________________________
and transparent.
__________________________________
4. Touch the paper cup with your hands.
What do you feel?
It is warm.
__________________________________
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 119/167

5. When the mixture

becomes viscous
enough, put the
small objects you
collected into the
paper cup.
Cover the paper cup with the lid. Keep the
paper cup completely still for 30 minutes.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 120/167
6. After 30 minutes, tear

the paper cup off the
product.
(a) Describe the appearance of the plastic

formed.
It is colourless and transparent.
________________________________
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 121/167
6. (b) Fill in the blanks below to complete

the word equation for the reaction
involved in this experiment.
polymerization
styrene polystyrene
monomer polymer
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 122/167

• The change in a polymerization

can be summarized as:
polymerization
monomer polymer
• The polymerization of ethene
polyethene and the
produces _____________
polymerization of styrene
produces _____________.
polystyrene
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 123/167
2. Uses of plastics
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 124/167

Some widely used plastics and their uses:

Plastic Uses
Polyethene • To make shampoo bottles,
(PE) detergent bottles, waste
recycling bins, cling film,
plastic bags, etc.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 125/167


Plastic Uses
Polystyrene • To make toys, CD cases, live
(PS) lactobacillus drink bottles,
cafeteria trays, disposable
plastic foam food containers,
etc.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 126/167


Plastic Uses
Polystyrene Plastic foam is produced from
(PS) polystyrene by adding a
foaming agent while heating
it.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 127/167

Plastic Uses
Polyvinyl • To make raincoats, drainage
pipes, coatings for electric
chloride wires, shower curtains, credit
(PVC) cards, banners, etc.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 128/167

Plastic Uses
Perspex • To make car windows, safety
goggles, notice signs, etc.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 129/167

Plastic Uses
Nylon • To make bristles of
toothbrushes, ropes,
stockings, etc.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 130/167

Plastic Uses
Polyester • To make clothing, threads,
etc.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 131/167

Plastic Uses
Polypropene • Widely used in making
(PP) food and medicine
containers (e.g. reusable
lunch boxes, ice-cream
containers, medicine
bottles, sweets and
snack packaging, etc.)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 132/167
Plastic Uses
Polyethylene • To make disposable
beverage bottles, oil
terephthalate bottles, etc.
(PET)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 133/167

• Polyethene, polystyrene,
polyvinyl chloride, Perspex,
nylon, polyester, polypropene
and polyethylene terephthalate
are examples of common
plastics.
• Different plastics have different
uses.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 134/167
Activity 13.8
Learning more about

the uses of plastics
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 135/167

Activity 13.8
Today, plastic is one of the most widely

used materials in daily life. Apart from
making everyday products, plastics can
be used as building materials and
surgical materials.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 136/167

Activity 13.8
surgical suture
The outer wall of the This piece of surgical
Beijing National suture is made of a
Aquatics Centre is plastic.
built of plastics.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 137/167
Activity 13.8
Search for the following information about
the above plastics from the Internet:
• the names of the plastics
used
• the properties of the plastics
• how they were invented
Present your findings to your teacher and
classmates.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 138/167
1. True or false
(a) Both ethene and styrene are F
polymers.
(b) Perspex is commonly used to make

F
shower curtains.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 139/167

2. Complete the flow chart.

Crude oil
fractional distillation
(a) _____________________
Naphtha
heated strongly in the absence of air
Ethene (C2H4) Other small

(b) polymerization
YES ______________ hydrocarbon
Polyethene s
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 140/167
Form and function
Plastic bags are usually made from low-density

polyethene (LDPE) while plastic bottles are usually
made from high-density polyethene (HDPE). LDPE
and HDPE have different properties because of
different arrangements of their molecules. LDPE is
more flexible and softer than HDPE. LDPE is thus
more suitable for making bags.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 141/167

Form and function
side-branch
Low-density polyethene High-density polyethene

(LDPE) (polymer chains do not (HDPE) (closely packed
pack together well) polymer chains)
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 142/167

D. Environmental
problems associated
with the use of materials
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 143/167

1. What are the

environmental problems
associated with the use
of materials?
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 144/167

Shortening the lifespan of landfills and

reducing land supply
Once metal waste and plastic waste are
disposed of in landfills,
they take up space there for a very
long time. This shortens the lifespan
of the landfills.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 145/167

Shortening the lifespan of landfills and

reducing land supply
If we continue to produce such large
amounts of waste,
we will need to use large areas of land
to expand existing landfills or even
build new landfills. This reduces land
supplies available for other uses.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 146/167

Time taken for garbage to decompose

Garbage Time taken to decompose
Banana peel 25 weeks
Newspapers 6 weeks
Plastic bags 1012 years
Nylon fabrics 3040 years
Polystyrene foam cups 50 years
Aluminium cans 80200 years
Plastic bottles 450 years
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 147/167
Causing land and water pollution

Some discarded electrical
appliances, electronic
products and used
batteries may leak
toxic metals or metal
compounds .
These toxic substances pollute the soil
and underground water.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 148/167

When plastic
waste is dumped
into rivers or seas,
it does not
decompose and
often floats in the
water.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 149/167


Animals may mistake the floating plastic
waste for food.
They may die if
the plastic
waste blocks
their digestive
or respiratory
tracts. plastic waste
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 150/167

Animals may hurt themselves if they
get trapped in the plastic waste.
A turtle that has

been trapped in a
nylon fishing net
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 151/167
Affecting the cityscape and

environmental hygiene
Metal waste is
normally stored in
open sites before
recycling or being
disposed of in landfills.
This spoils the cityscape.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 152/167
Affecting the cityscape and

Some irresponsible
people dump plastic
waste into stormwater
drains.
The waste can block the drains and cause
other waste to accumulate, and thus lead
to poor environmental hygiene.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 153/167
The disposal of metal waste and plastic

waste leads to many environmental
problems:
• shortening the lifespan of landfills
and reducing land supply
• causing land and water pollution
• affecting the cityscape and
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 154/167
2. Possible solutions to the

environmental problems
of using materials
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 155/167

Have you heard of 3Rs principle?

What do they mean?
Reduce
Reuse Recycle
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 156/167

Reduce
Reduce the use of metal and plastic products
My mobile phone still

functions well. It is not
necessary to buy a new one.
Keep using the same electronic

products we already have as
long as they still work well.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 157/167
Reduce
Buy products with less metal packaging

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 158/167
Reduce
When shopping, you can

bring your own bag
(BYOB) to reduce the use
of plastic bags.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 159/167

Reduce
Buy refillable products

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 160/167
Reuse
Reuse metal and plastic
Reuse BBQ forks Reuse metal Reuse plastic

after cleaning containers as storage bags to collect
boxes rubbish
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 161/167

Recycle
Put recyclable waste into the waste
separation bins
Do you practise
the habit of
putting
recyclable waste
into these bins?
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 162/167

According to the 3Rs principle

of conservation, we can
reduce
___________, reuse
___________,
recycl
___________ the metal and
e products.
plastic
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 163/167

Degradable plastics
Degradable plastics can decompose in
the environment. There are two main
types of degradable plastics –
biodegradable and photodegradable.
biodegradable photodegradable
plastics plastics
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 164/167

Every year, millions of boxes of mooncake are

consumed. This generates a considerable amount
of waste from the metal containers and other
packaging materials.
(a) State TWO environmental problems that are
related to the disposal of used materials.
_______________________________________
Shortening the lifespan of landfills
_______________________________________
Causing water pollution
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 165/167

(b) How can you apply the 3Rs principle to reduce

the environmental problems associated with
the disposal of used materials? Suggest ONE
action for each case.
Use fewer plastic products
Reduce: ________________________________
Reuse metal containers as storage boxes
Reuse: _________________________________
Recycle: ________________________________
Put recyclable waste into the waste
________________________________
separation bins
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 166/167
Plastic bans around the world

Search for information about the plastic bans around the
world. Present your findings to the class. Your
presentation should include the following:
• the environmental problems associated with the
plastic product that has been banned
• the alternatives that can be used when the plastic
product has been banned
See Textbook p.96.
Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 167/167

E Classroom: Slide 1/167

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

E Classroom: Slide 1/167

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

13 From Atoms to Materials 中 /EN

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 1/167

These objects are

coins shoes stool

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 3/167

1. What are alloys?

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 4/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 5/167

An alloy is usually made by heating the

metal A element B alloy

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 7/167

Alloys usually have more useful

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 8/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 9/167

• used in making cooking utensils, tableware

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 12/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 13/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 14/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 15/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 16/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 17/167

• An alloy is made by mixing a

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 19/167

13.12 e-Checkpoint 13.12

(c) Duralumin is used to make coins. F

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 20/167

13.12 e-Checkpoint 13.12

2. Give TWO properties of the alloy that

(a) The statue is made of

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 21/167

13.12 e-Checkpoint 13.12

(b) The bottle opener is made of stainless

It is hard and resistant to corrosion.

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 23/167

Crude oil is one of the most important

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 25/167

Crude oil is a thick,

Crude oil is also

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 26/167

Crude oil is a mixture of many different

The hydrocarbons in crude oil have

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 27/167

The simplest hydrocarbon is methane.

Each methane molecule consists of one

Some hydrocarbon molecules present in

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 28/167

Only four different hydrocarbon molecules are

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 30/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 31/167

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 33/167

• Crude oil is a mixture of many

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 34/167

13.13 e-Checkpoint 13.13

2. How is crude oil turned

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 36/167

Is crude oil suitable

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 37/167

A hydrocarbon with molecules of larger

methane ethane propane butane

higher boiling point

Based on their differences in boiling

Aristo 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Slide 40/167