DEFINING

STATISTICS AND
BASIC TERMS
Statistics
-Is a branch of Mathematics that
deals with the collection,
organization, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of
data.
Collection - refers to the gathering
of information or data.
Organization or presentation
- involves summarizing
data in graphical, tabular,
or textual forms.
Analysis - involves describing the data
using statistical methods and
procedures.
Interpretation - refers to the process of
making conclusions based
on the presented data.
 Areas of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics – consists of methods concerned
with collecting, organizing, summarizing, and presenting
a set of data so as to yield meaningful information.
Ex.
In a Math test, 32 out of 40 students were able to
receive a passing mark. The average score of the class is
82 out of 100.
 Areas of Statistics
Inferential Statistics – comprises methods concerned with
making predictions or inferences about an entire population,
based on the information provided by a given sample.
Ex.
In a sample survey conducted, 65% of Filipino Gen Z prefer
to drink milk tea than coffee while only 34% of Filipino
Millennials prefer to drink milk tea than coffee.
 Common Terms in Statistics
• A population is a complete collection of
all elements (scores, people…) to be
studied.
• A census is a collection of data from every
element in a population.
• A sample is a sub-collection of elements
drawn from a population.
Example:
Identify the population and sample for the given
situation.
• A scientist is investigating the effectiveness of a new
drug to relieve the symptoms of Coronavirus. He
administers the drug to 100 adults.
Solution:
• The population is all adults who would try the drug in
the future.
• The sample is 100 adults.
 Scales of Measurements
1. Nominal Variable – uses a label or a name to identify an
attribute of an element.
2. Ordinal Variable – there is a clear ordering or ranking of
values or categories.
3. Interval Variable – has the properties of an ordinal with
the interval between observations expressed in terms of a
fixed unit of measurement. Interval variables are always
numeric and have no true zero point.
4. Ratio Variable – has all the properties of an interval; the
ratio of two values is meaningful. It is always numeric and
has a true zero point.
 Probability Sampling
1. In random sample, each member of the
population has an equally likely chance of
being selected. The members of the sample
are chosen independently of each other.
2. A systematic random is obtained using an
ordered list of population, thus selecting
members systematically from the list.
3. In a stratified random sample, the population
is divided into subgroups, so that each
population member is in only one subgroup. In
this type of sample, individuals are chosen
randomly from each subgroup.
4. A cluster sample is a type of sample that
consists of items in a group such as
neighborhood or a household. The group may be
chosen at random.
 Non - Probability Sampling
1. A convenience sample is a type of sample that is
chosen so that it will be easy for the researcher.
2. Purposive Sampling – samples are chosen based
on the goals of the study. They may be chosen
based on their knowledge of the study being
conducted or they satisfy the traits or conditions
set by the researcher.
 Non - Probability Sampling
3. Quota Sampling – proportion of the groups in
the population were considered in the number
and selection of the respondents.
4. Snowball Sampling – participants in the study
were tasked to recruit other members for the
study.
Example:
A Mathematics teacher plans to choose four
students from the Math Club to be in the publicity
photo. How could the teacher choose the four
students?
Solution:
1. The Math teacher could put the names of all the
students in a box, and mix the names without looking.
This is an example of a random sample.
2. The Math teacher could choose the four students who
are seated in the fourth row. This an example of a
convenience sample.
3. The Math teacher could mix the names of the boys
and choose two from the group. The teacher does the
same for the girls. This is an example of a stratified
random sample.
4. The Math teacher could choose a group of four
students in the corner of the last row. This is an example
of cluster sample.
COLLECTING AND
ORGANIZING DATA
A table is a systematic arrangement of data usually
arranged in rows or columns for ready reference of
information.
WHAT DO YOU LIKE?
Interest Clubs Drama Dance Glee Culinary Art

Number of 45 24 36 18 21
Students
 A bar graph uses bar of different lengths and of equal widths to
show the frequencies for each of several categories.
What Do You Like? The graph above shows the
50
Number of Students

40 interest clubs of 144 students

30 who answered the survey.
20 Drama – 45 students
Dance – 24 students
10
Glee – 36 students
0
Drama Dance Glee Culinary Art Culinary – 18 students
Interest Clubs Art – 21 students
A pie chart is a circle divided into sectors proportional to the
frequencies. It shows the division of a whole into its parts.
What Do You Like?
The pie chart above
Drama shows the percentage of
15% Dance each interest clubs the
31% Glee
13% students prefer to join.
Culinary
25% 17% Art
 A line graph shows trends in data clearly. This displays data which are
collected over a period of time to show the data change at regular
intervals.
42
40 The graph above shows the weight of
38 Yve every end of the month.
Weight of Yve

36 January – 40 kg July – 34 kg
34 February – 41 kg August – 35 kg
32 March – 38 kg September – 33 kg
30 April – 38 kg October – 31kg
28 May – 37 kg November – 31 kg
June – 35 kg December – 30 kg

Month
A histogram is a graphical representation showing a visual impression of
the distribution of data. A histogram consists of tabular frequencies,
shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over intervals. The height of a
rectangle is also equal to the frequency.
The graph above presents the Grades in
Math in Quarter 1 of 20 students:
96 – 100 2 students
91 – 95 4 students
86 – 90 3 students
81 – 85 5 students
76 – 80 2 students
71 – 75 3 students
66 – 70 1 student
QUIZ
A.Identify the following.
1.Refers to the gathering of
information or data.
2.Refers to the process of
making conclusions based on
the presented data.
3. Is a branch of Mathematics that deals
with the collection, organization,
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
4. Is a complete collection of all elements
(scores, people…) to be studied.
5. Is a sub-collection of elements drawn
from a population.
B. Classify each variable according to its scale
of measurement. Write Nominal, Ordinal,
Interval or Ratio.
1. Socio-economic Status
2. Brand of shoes sold in certain department
store
3. Number of students in a classroom
4. Military Ranking
5. Temperature between 30° C and 40° C
C. Enumerate.
1) – 2) Areas of Statistics
3) – 6) Probability Sampling
7) – 10) Non – Probability
Sampling
D. Classify each sampling method as
Random, Systematic, Stratified,
Cluster, or Convenience.
1. Draw names from a hat. Place all the
names of the people in the
population into a hat and draw out a
sample.
2. Every third student entering the
cafeteria will be interviewed regarding
his/her satisfaction with its new
management.
3. All the children of Brgy. Zone 3 of a
certain City will be taken as sample for the
study on the number of children actually
4. Students are grouped according
to grade level, whether they are in
the 7 , 8 , 9 , or 10 grade. 2
th th th th

representatives from each group

will be interviewed regarding their
plan to have during the school fair.
5. Standing at a mall and asking
people to answer questions.
E. Illustrate the data in a bar graph, pie graph, or
line graph. Each student in Sampaguita selected up
to two planets that they would like to visit

Plane Merc Venu Mar Jupit Satur Uran Nept

t ury s s er n us une
# of 8 6 3 11 14 8 7
Stude
nts