Power Factor Correction

Using Boost Converter

Submit to:
Muhammad Moshiur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Submit By:
Name: Quaomiuzzaman Kabbya
ID: EEE 067 07641
Email: kabby44@gmail.com
What is Power Factor

• Power factor is the relationship (phase) of current and voltage in AC

electrical distribution systems. It is denoted by cosǾ. Simply put, it refers
tIf current and voltage are together, it is called power factor 1. Again, the
ratio of resistance to impedance (cosǾ = R / Z.) Is also called power factor.
The power factor is cos ¢. And this ¢ is the angular difference between
voltage and current. The maximum angular interval between current and
voltage is 360. cos360 = 1. For this the value of pfi is not more than one.o
how much current is behind or behind the voltage.
• The Ratio of active power to apparent power is known as power factor.As the
active power can never be greater than Apparent power,power factor can
never be greater than 1.
ncreases, cable size is much needed, power system efficiency decreases, initial cost increases and this increases per

What is Power Factor

•
The power factor is used to determine what percentage of current
we can use for necessary purposes. That is, if the supply at the
input is given 100 kilovolts, then the power factor is used to
determine how many volts we get at the output from there. It is
characterized by "cos theta".
• Power factor 80% i.e. Cosθ = 0.8 means if 100 kVA supply power
then 80 kW active power will be available. The power factor
depends on the load.
Power Factor Triangle
Types of Power Factor

Lagging Power Factor: The lagging power factor is when the current
is behind the voltage or the inductive load is higher than the
capacitive load in the AC circuit, it is called lagging power factor.
For example, 80 degree lagging power factor means that it is 80
degrees behind the current voltage.
Leading power factor: If the capacitive load is more than the
inductive load in the AC circuit, that is, if it is ahead of the current
voltage, it is called leading power factor. For example, a 80 degree
leading power factor will be 80 degrees ahead of the current voltage.
Types of Power Factor

Unity Power Factor: When the current and voltage in the circuit
are at the same time, that is, when the inductive and capacitive
loads in the circuit are equal, it is called Unity Power Factor.

If load is capacitive then power factor is leading and if load is

inductive then power factor is lagging. When the load is resistive,
the power factor is Unity, which means ‘one’.
What are the problems in the system when
the value of power factor is low?

Line loss increases, cable size is much needed, power system

efficiency decreases, initial cost increases and this increases per
unit cost.
Key findings/results

• Result 1
• Result 2
• Result 3
How Does PFC Work

By power factor correction, we mean simply reducing the amount of

reactive power in a system and increasing the amount of active power.
We usually modify and increase the power factor using capacitor bank
or synchronous motor. The power factor is modified using capacitor
banks in the industry.

Power factors can be corrected in two ways in general.

Passive Power Factor Correction.
Active Power Factors Correction
Passive Power Factor Correction
 Passive Power Factor Correction

This is used for small power supplies of about 100W or less. The correction method uses a low pass
harmonic filter at the AC input with the capacitor and inductor forming a series resonance circuit. It is
design a filter that passes current only at line frequency(50 or 60Hz). The components can be fairly
small while providing an inexpensive and efficient power factor correction.

The passive PFCs are simple, robust and reliable for lower power requirements. In addition, they
do not generate EMI. However, they are big and heavy due to the inductor
Passive Power Factor Correction
 Active Power Factor Correction

• The active PFC methods are preferred for power supplies of over 100W. This
method provides a more efficient correction, is lighter and less bulky.
• A basic active PFC circuit consists of a control circuit that measures the
input voltage and current and then adjusts the switching time and duty
cycle to ensure that the input voltage and current are in phase. This
provides an automatic correction of the input AC voltage, resulting to a
theoretical power factor of over 0.95. Unlike the passive PFC, the active
PFC operates over a wide range of input voltages. However, it requires
extra components, which makes it more complex and expensive.
What is a Boost Converter
What is a Boost Converter

The boost converter is used to "step-up" an input voltage to some higher level, required by a
load. The DC input to a boost converter can be from many sources as well as batteries, such
as rectified AC from the mains supply , This unique capability is achieved by storing energy in
an inductor and releasing it to the load at a higher voltage. Boost converter is seen as the
constant current input source. And the load can be seen as a constant voltage source.

The input voltage source is connected to an inductor. The solid-state device which operates
as a switch is connected across the source. The second switch used is a diode. The diode is
connected to a capacitor, and the load and the two are connected in parallel as shown in the
figure above.
Operation of Boost Converter
 Operation of Boost Converter

The Boost Converter has two distinct stage:

1. The On-stage , 2. The Off-stage,

The On-stage : When the switch is closed current flow through the switch
because having a short circuit. So a large amount of current flowing in the
circuit. So the current increased form a small value to large value and the
magnetic field and the inductor will expand.
 Operation of Boost Converter

The Off-stage :When the current flowing in the inductor decreases a

voltage is induced across the inductor in series with the voltage of
the battery creating a sum total that is greater the battery’s
voltage charging the capacitor thus giving us a higher output voltage
than the input voltage.
PFC Boost Pre-Regulator
 PFC Boost Pre-Regulator

In PFC pre-regulators, the most popular topology used is a boost converter. This is because boost
converters can have continuous input current that can be manipulated with average current mode
control techniques to force input current to track changes in line voltage.

The input ot the converter is the full rectified Ac line voltage . No bulk filtering is applied
following the bridge rectifier , so the input voltage to the boost converter ranges form zero volts
to the peak value of the AC input and back to zero.

Without using power factor correction a typical switched mode power supply would have a power
factor of around 0.6,therfore having considerable odd-order harmonic distortion. Having a power
factor 1 along available to run the device.

There are two modes of PFC operation ; discontinuous and continuous mode.
 Modes Of PFC Operation

Discontinuous Mode: When the boost converter’s MOSFET is turned on when the inductor
current reaches zero and turned off when the inductor current meets thed desired input
reference voltage .
The discontinuous mode can be used for SMPS the have power levels of 300W or less. It has
higher I2R and skin effect losses due to the large inductor current.

Continuous Mode: Continuous mode typically suits SMPS power levels greater than 300W. This is
where the boost converter’s MOSFET does not switch on when the boost inductor at zero
current, instead the current in the energy transfer never reaches zero during the switching.
With this in mind, The voltages swing is less than in discontinuous mode resulting in lower I 2R
losses and the lower ripple current resulting in lower inductor core losses.
Average Current Mode PFC Control
What is the current mode?

• The current mode is a modification of voltage mode control, where the

inductor current in the circuit is detected and used instead of the
triangular waveforms used in the voltage mode control. The current
sensing can also be done by using the on-resistance of high side MOSFET
or a current sense resistor instead of the inductor current. Other
benefits include the highly stable feedback loop and a faster load
transient response than that of the voltage mode. A drawback is low-
noise tolerance due to the high sensitivity of current detection. In the
newer designs, however, the current detection part is built into the IC
to alleviate the problem.
Conclusion

• Power Factor has been a greater concern in the distribution

side. So the improvement of power factor has been given much
importance. By varying the duty cycle only the power factor
can be improved. Based on the On and Off time of switch
present in both CCM and DCM boost converter. Normally N
channel done. Here For controlling the duty cycle, 3 control
loops are framed. Each one for controlling power factor,
current ripple, and voltage ripple. Each loop gain can be
changed, without altering the other values. Thus power factor
is improved to a near unity power factor value.