Aviation and Environment

BBA SEM 3
 • Sustainability Definition
and concept.
• Aviation and climate
change
Agenda. • Airport Sustainability
• Airline Sustainability
 Sustainability

• Sustainability can be defined by Brundland (1987) as “development which

meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”.
• Depletion of natural resources (present to future)
• Being Sustainable means being responsible
• Being responsible means to maintain a balance between the three pillars of
sustainability
• According to Euro control (2004) responsibility in terms of aviation industry
can be stated as to meet the market demand for air traffic services without
sacrificing present and future social and ecological values.
The Triple Bottom Line
Sustainability
• The aviation industry traces its roots from the year 1903 with
the invention of an airplane by wright brothers. It has
revolutionized the way human beings travel.
• However, the aviation industry currently finds itself under the
criticizing questionnaire of its evolutionary sustainable nature.
• However, (Barr, 2008) states that the concept of sustainability
has reserved a growing support, nonetheless there is a large
deviation between practically (reality) and Policies (rhetoric).
 Sustainability

• The same is the case of aviation industry as it considered as one of

those areas of policies where the conflict between environmental
and economic objectives is more intense.
• It is difficult to achieve a true balance between economic, social
and environmental factors (McManners, 2015).
• (L. Budd, 2014) argues that Sustainable aviation is possible,
although it poses a complex set of interconnected economic,
political and social challenges that require a multifaceted solution.
 Sustainable aviation the million $ question

• Can sustainable aviation will never be achieved

• Is sustainable aviation is a work in progress
• We have already achieved sustainability
After this module you will have to answer me this question.
The History of Sustainability
“We do not inherit the earth from our fathers, we borrow it from our
children”
 1972- Stockholm
declaration

• Major Outcome-Starting
point of the dialogue
between developed and
developing countries
concerning the link between
the economic growth and
the environmental impacts.
 1985-Vienna convention

• Major Outcome-pledge for the

protection of ozone layer.
 Montreal Protocol:1987

• International treaty to eliminate the

production and the consumption of
ozone depleting chemicals. Targets
were set.
• Climate Success Story: Saving the
Ozone Layer. The Montreal
Protocol, adopted in
1987, is showing success at
removing ozone-depleting
substances from the atmosphere, a
NASA scientist says, with ozone
levels projected to return to 1980
levels by 2032.
 IPCC
• The UN umbrella the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
• Was requested by ICAO and the parties to
the Montreal Protocol on Substances that
deplete the Ozone Layer to carry out a
study on “Aviation and the Global
Atmosphere”.
• Creation of the IPPC: its role is to assess
the scientific, technical and socio-
economic information relevant for the
under-standing of the risk of human
induced climate change.
• First IPCC report in 1990.
 Rio Summit:1992

• Major Outcome: States the

fundamental principles allowing
for a sustainable growth on
earth. It is a compromise
between the developed and the
developing countries. The first
wanted to only reaffirm the
Stockholm declaration, whereas
the latest wanted to state their
right to develop and the
acknowledgement by the
developing countries that they
are mainly responsible for the
current environmental problems.
UNFCCC
• UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK
CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
• Creation of the UNFCCC: States as
ultimate objective a stabilisation of the
atmospheric concentration of
greenhouse gazes at "safe“ levels.
• The UNFCCC objective is to "stabilize
greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system“
 Kyoto Protocol:1997

• Major Outcome: Countries having

signed the protocol accept some
reduction objectives for the emission
of greenhouse gases relatives to the
1990 levels. Will come into force and
will legally constrain the States that
are engaged when at least 55
countries representing 55% of the
CO2 emissions in 1990 will have
ratify the Protocol. In Sept 2002, we
are at 37.1% and without the United
States, the engagement of Russia
and Canada are absolutely required
to reach 55%.
Kyoto Protocol:1997
• Binding commitments of 19 industrialized nations: reduce their combined
emissions of the main greenhouse gases by 5.2 % in the period from 2008 to
2012 compared with 1990 levels.
• Top-down approach: A cap – a five year quota for GHG emissions - from above
was set through negotiations, then translated by the committed Parties to
their national stakeholders
• Almost no adaptation
• Carbon economic mechanisms: Joint Implementation, Clean Development
Mechanism, International Emission Trade. Green Investment Scheme
• Reporting (National Communications, GHG Inventory systems, supplementary
information)
• 185 countries ratified – but no USA
Paris Agreement
• Group Activity
Task: search the internet for Paris agreement and make a presentation.
ETS CARBON OFFSET
350ppm
The earth temperature.
Aviation and environment
Subhashish Modak
Bba sem 3
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
AVIATION
1 The impact of aviation on the environment

2 The impact of aviation to air pollution

3 Reducing air pollution

4 Resources
 1 THE IMPACT OF AVIATION ON THE
ENVIRONMENT

1.1 Contamination by air pollutant

O Solid and liquid particles of very small size can get into the lungs and
into the blood of man

1.2 Noise and vibration

O noise protection zone of the
airport.
O Noise procedures
O Payment of noise charges
must be at every
International airports.
 1 THE IMPACT OF AVIATION ON THE
ENVIRONMENT

1.3 Water and soil pollution

O preventionof leakage of petrol products
O wastewater treatment plants.
O proper materials in constructions

1.4 Accidents
O Leakage of oil products into the soil
O The destruction of human settlements
1 THE IMPACT OF AVIATION ON THE
ENVIRONMENT
1.5 Human health
O A human body is exposed to physiological and
structural influence.
O Hypoxia
O Hyperventilation
O Claustrophobical stress in the cabin
O Flying
is not for women in late stadium of
pregnancy & newborn children (min 48 hours)
2 THE IMPACT OF AVIATION ON AIR
POLLUTION

2.1 The Greenhouse gasses & effect

O Layer in the atmosphere made of molecules of CO2
(carbon dioxide), CH4 (methane), N2O (nitrous oxide),
SO2 (sulfur dioxide) etc.
O Aircraft engines make a big amount of these gasses
during combustion of a fuel.
O No accelerating of the GH effect by combustion
engines fumes
2 THE IMPACT OF AVIATION ON AIR
POLLUTION

2.2 The Ozone (O3) layer

O Vertical
distribution of ozone concentration in the
tropopause affects the ratio of UV radiation and
gamma wave radiation in the atmosphere.
 3 REDUCING AIR POLLUTION IN THE AIR
TRAFFIC

O Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

O research in technologies for “cleaner“ aircraft
O higher combustion efficiency of fuel in aircraft engines
O an ideal flight level for the lowest fuel consumption
O minimal take-off speed
O special construction of the engines (two-lane, two-shaft engines, etc.)
Factors to be considered of Airport planning
• Geographical location
Types of Airport planning
• Landside and terminal planning
• Airside and runway planning
Airport Surface Access
Why it is needed?
• http://clacsec.lima.icao.int/Reuniones/2007/Seminario-Chile/
Presentaciones/PR07.pdf