STREAMING VIDEO OVER

WIRELESS IP NETWORKS

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 Challenges in video streaming over Wireless
networks
• Bandwidth fluctuations
Four reasons
1. multipath fading, co-channel interference, noise disturbances
2. changing distance between the base station and mobile end
3. mobile terminal moves between different networks
4. when a hand-off takes place
• High bit error rate(BER)
• Heterogenity

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 Adaptive framework for future QoS enabled wireless IP
networks
• The adaptive framework consist of
• Scalable video representations
• Network aware applications
• Adaptive services
• The adaptive framework has the following key features
• Graceful quality degradation
• Efficiency
• Fairness

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 Network Aware Applications

• Motivated by two facts:

• The bit error rate is very high when the channel status is poor
• Packet loss is unavoidable if the available bandwidth is less than required

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 Network Aware Applications

• A scaler performs only two operations

• Scale down the received video representation
• Transmit what is received
• The network aware application have two advantages
• By taking the available bandwidth into account, the sender can make the best use of network
resources by selectively discarding enhancement layers in order to minimize the likelihood of
more significant layers being corrupted
• By considering the channel error status, the sender can discard the enhancement layers and
forward error correction(FEC) can utilize the bandwidth allocated for the enhancement layers
to protect the base layer

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 Adaptive service

• Adaptive service include the following functions

• Reserve a minimum bandwidth to meet the demand of the base layer.
• Adapt the enhancement layers based on the available bandwidth and the fair policy.
• Advantages of using scaling inside the network include
• Adaptivity to network heterogeneity
• Low latency and low complexity
• Lower call blocking and handoff dropping probability
• The required components for end-to-end adaptive service include
1. service contract 2. call admission control and resource reservation
3. mobile multicast mechanism 4. substream scaling
5. substream scheduling 6. link layer error control

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 1. Service contract

• The service contract between the application and the network consist of multiple
subcontracts, each of which corresponds to one or more substreams with similar
Qos guarantees.
• Each subcontract has to specify traffic characteristics and QoS requirements of the
corresponding substream(s).
• A typical scenario is that a subcontract for the base layer specifies reserved
bandwidth while a subcontract for the enhancement layers does not specify any
QoS guarantee.

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 2. Call admission control(CAC) and resource reservation

• The function of CAC is to check whether admitting the incoming connection

would reduce the service quality of existing connections, and whether the
incoming connections QoS requirements can be met.
• Resources need to be reserved for a connection in two parts
• In order to maintain the specified QoS over a long time scale, the network must reserve some
resources along the current path of a mobile connection.
• In order to seamlessly achieve QoS at a short time scale, some duplication must be done in the
transport of the connection to neighboring base stations of a connection.

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 3. Mobile multicast mechanism

• To seamless guarantee QoS at packet level, mobile multicast mechanism has to be

used. While being transported along its current path, the base-layer stream is also
a multicast to its neighboring base stations so that QoS at a small time scale can
be seamlessly achieved.
4. Substream scaling
• Scaling is employed during bandwidth fluctuations and/or under poor channel
conditions.
• As the available bandwidth on a path decreases due to mobility or fading, lower-
priority substreams are dropped by the scalar(s) on the path and substreams with
higher priority are transmitted.

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 5. Substream scheduling

• Its function is to schedule the transmission of packets on the wireless medium

according to their substream QoS specification and priorities.
• The scheduler takes two factors into account
• 1. the relative importance of the substream compared to other substreams, and 2.
wireless channel conditions
6. Link layer error control
• There are two kind of error control mechanisms 1. forward error correction(FEC) 2.
automatic repeat request(ARQ).
• The disadvantage of FEC is that it is not adaptive.
• The disadvantage of ARQ is unbounded delay.
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 Thank you……..

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