Application of Residue Theorem to

evaluate real integrations

Group 6
09 - USAID KHAN
12 - DHRUMIL PIPALIYA
14 - RHUSHABH PRADHAN
15 - SHUBH PUJARA
16 - MIHIR RAICHURA
Residue theorem

In complex analysis, the residue theorem, sometimes called Cauchy's residue

theorem, is a powerful tool to evaluate line integrals of analytic functions over
closed curves.

It can often be used to compute real integrals and infinite series as well.

It generalizes the Cauchy integral theorem and Cauchy's integral formula.

The statement is as follows:

Let U be a simply connected open subset of the complex

plane containing a finite list of points a1, ..., an

Let γ be a closed rectifiable curve in U0,

The line integral of f around γ is equal to 2πi times the sum

of residues of f at the points
If γ is a positively oriented simple closed curve, I(γ, a k) = 1 if ak is in the interior of γ, and 0 if not, therefore,

with the sum over those ak inside γ.

In order to evaluate real integrals, the residue theorem is used in the following manner:

1. The integrand is extended to the complex plane and its residues are
computed
2. A part of the real axis is extended to a closed curve by attaching a half-circle
in the upper or lower half-plane, forming a semicircle.
The integral over this curve can then be computed using the residue theorem.

Often, the half-circle part of the integral will tend towards zero

As the radius of the half-circle grows

Leaving only the real-axis part of the integral, the one we were originally interested
in.
Examples
1. An integral along the real axis

The integral arises in probability theory when calculating the

characteristic function of the Cauchy distribution.

Suppose t > 0 and define the contour C that goes along

the real line from −a to a.

Take a to be greater than 1, so that the imaginary unit i is enclosed within the
curve.
Now consider the contour integral

Since eitz is an entire function (having no singularities at any point in the complex
plane), this function has singularities only where the denominator z 2 + 1 is zero.

Only one of those points is in the region bounded by this contour. Because f(z) is
According to the residue theorem, then, we have

The contour C may be split into a straight part and a curved arc, so that

and thus
The estimate on the numerator follows since t > 0, and for complex numbers z
along the arc (which lies in the upper half-plane), the argument φ of z lies between
0 and π. So,

Therefore,
2. An infinite sum

The fact that π cot(πz) has simple poles with residue 1 at each integer can be

used to compute the sum

Consider, for example, f(z) = z−2. Let ΓN be the rectangle that is the boundary of
[−N − 1/2, N + 1/2]2 .with positive orientation, with an integer N. By the residue

formula,
The left-hand side goes to zero as N → ∞ since the integrand has order O(n-2).

On the other hand

Where the Bernoulli number B2 =

(In fact, z/2 cot(z/2) = iz/1 − e−iz − iz/2) Thus, the residue Resz=0 is − π2/3

We conclude:
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