21st Century Literature form the Philippines and the World

Literal, Figurative
and Literary
Languages in Texts
Mr. Edison M. Lalimarmo
Specific Objectives
Content Standards Performance
The learners will be able Standards
to understand and The learners will be able to
appreciate the elements demonstrate understanding
and contexts of 21st and appreciation of 2st
century Philippine century Philippine literature
literature from the from the regions through:
regions.

Most Essential Learning

Competency A. A written close B. An adaptation of a text
analysis and critical into other creative forms
Infer literary meaning
interpretation of a literary using multimedia
from literal language
text in terms of form and
based on usage
theme, with a description
(EN12Lit-Id-26)
of its context derived
from research, and
Literary Device

is any specific aspect of literature, or a

particular work, which we can recognize,
identify, interpret or analyze.
Both literary elements and literary techniques can
rightly be called literary devices.
Literary Elements

Aspects or characteristics of a whole text derived from

reading the text
Most literary elements can be derived from any texts
This is naturally evident
a f V i e w m e
e r s o n i n t o h e
P Po T
s ee f lic t t
d r e s C o n P l o
A d
Literary Techniques

Specific and deliberate constructions of

language which an author uses to
convey meaning
Unlike literary elements, literary
techniques are not necessarily present
in every text.
Literary Elements

Persona Point of View

The “teller” of the The one speaking in the
literary piece story or poem

Who is the speaker?

What is the speaker like?
 Literary Elements

Addressee
The intended recipient of the poem/story

To whom is the story/poem addressed?

What is the relationship of the persona to the addressee?
 Literary Elements

Theme
An idea that recurs in or pervades a work of literature

What universal idea is embedded in the

poem/story?
What does it want to say to
humanity?
Literary Elements

Plot
The
arrangement
of events in
the story
Literary Devices

Literary Elements Literary Techniques

Naturally Deliberate or done

Evident consciously and
intentionally
May not always be
present
Literary Techniques

Sound of
words of words
Meaning
Arrangements of words
Image of words
Literary Techniques

Sound of words
Alliteration
Repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words
placed near each other
They tried to tell the tale to their teacher.
My mother made a mouthwatering mustard cake.
Literary Techniques

Sound of words
Assonance
Repeated vowel sounds in words placed near each other,
usually on the same or adjacent line.
Row, row, row your boat
I might like to take a flight to an island in the sky.
Literary Techniques

Sound of words
Consonance
is the repetition of a consonant sound and is typically used to
refer to the repetition of sounds at the end of the word, but also
refers to repeated sounds in the middle of a word. 
The zoo was amazing, especially the lizards and chimpanzees.

He thrusts his fists against the posts and still insists he sees
the ghosts.
Literary Techniques

Sound of words
Rhyme
Words that have different beginning sounds
but whose endings sound alike, including the
final vowel sound and everything following it.

Letters are used to note the rhyme

Literary Techniques

Sound of words
Repetition
The purposeful reuse of
words or phrase for an
effect
Literary Techniques

Sound of words
Onomatopoeia
is a figure of speech in which words evoke the actual
sound of the thing they refer to or describe.
“boom” of a firework exploding
the “tick tock” of a clock, and
the “ding dong” of a doorbell 
Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Allusion
A brief of reference to some person, historical event,
work of art, or Biblical or mythological situation or
character
“Don’t act like a Romeo in front of her.” – “Romeo” is a reference to
Shakespeare’s Romeo, a passionate lover of Juliet, in “Romeo and
Juliet”.
The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of crimes. – This is
an allusion to one of Greek Mythology’s origin myth, “Pandora’s box”.
Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Simile
A direct comparison of two unlike things using the
word “like” or “as”

I wandered lonely as a cloud.

They fought like cats and dogs.
Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Metaphor
A direct comparison of two unlike things without using
the word like or as .

She has a heart of stone.

He is a walking dictionary.
Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Personification
Attributing human characteristics to an inanimate
object, animal, or abstract idea.

My alarm clock yells at me to get out of bed every

morning.
The trees are dancing gracefully.
Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Hyperbole
An outrageous exaggeration used for effect

My father will kill me if I come home late.

I have traveled the world just to see you.

 Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Oxymoron
A combination of two words that appear to contradict
each other.

I hate love for the pain it caused me.

Give me the original copy of your card by tomorrow.
Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Paradox
A statement in which a seeming contradiction may
reveal an unexpected truth.
A good mother is a bad mother to me.
This is the beginning of the end.
It’s okay not be okay.
Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Apostrophe
A statement that  addresses someone (or something) that
is not present or cannot respond in reality

Twinkle, twinkle little stars, how I wonder what you are.

Oh holy night, the stars are brightly shining.
Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Syndecdoche
A statement in which a part is made to represent the
whole or vice versa
May I ask your hand for marriage.
They live in one roof.
He’s got new good wheels.
Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Irony
the expression of one's meaning by using language that
normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous
or emphatic effect.
1. Verbal (Sarcasm)
2. Situational
3. Dramatic
Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Litotes
is a figure of speech featuring a phrase that utilizes
negative wording or terms to express a positive assertion
or statement.
1. You won’t be sorry.
2. I can’t disagree with your logic.
3. You are not beautiful.
Literary Techniques

Meaning of words
Symbolism
An ordinary object,event, animal, or person to which we
have attached extraordinary meaning and significance

1. Flag – country
2. Lion – courage
3. Dove – peace
Literary Techniques

Arrangement of words
Stanza
Unit of poetic lines
A division of a poem created by arranging the
lines into a unit, often repeated in the same
pattern of meter and rhyme throughout the
poem.
Literary Techniques

Arrangement of words
Stanza
Couplet = a two line stanza
Triplet = a three line stanza
Quatrain = a four line stanza
Quintet = a five line stanza
Sestet = a six line stanza
Septet = a seven line stanza
Octave = an eight line stanza
Literary Techniques

Arrangement of words
Rhetorical Questions
A question solely for effect, which does not require an answer

Do you want to be a failure for the rest of your life?

Are you kidding me?
How many times do I have to tell you?
Literary Techniques

Image of words
Imagery
The use of vivid language to generate ideas and/or evoke mental
images, not only of the visual sense, but of sensation and
emotional as well
Visual (sight) Gustatory (taste) Kinesthetic (movement)
Auditory (sound) Tactile (touch)
Olfactory (smell) Organic (feeling
inside)
Literary Techniques

Image of words
Tone
Attitude of the persona about the subject discussed
Mood
The overall feelings and atmosphere suggested by the text
Literary Techniques

Image of words
Flashback

A scene that takes place

before a story begins
Literary Techniques

Image of words
Foreshadowing

a literary device that writers utilize as a

means to indicate or hint to readers
something that is to follow or appear
later in a story. 
 ON LITERARY TERMS!
Directions: Work on the puzzle to activate your prior
knowledge regarding some literary terms:
 
Select from the numbered descriptions the best answer
for each of the literary terms. Put the number in the
proper space in the magic box. The total number will be
the same across each row and down each column. Write
the magic number on the space provided.
Copy and answer this on a separate
sheet of paper
20 points