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Algebraic Expressions III: X - y X + y
Algebraic Expressions III: X - y X + y
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6.1 Expanding Brackets
Expansion is the product of multiplying an
algebraic expression by a term or another
algebraic expression.
Example 2:
Find the product of the following.
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6.1 Expanding Brackets
The expansion of a linear algebraic expression
a termcan
with a linear term times bewith
obtained by multiplying
each term of the a term
another times
term with
algebraic expression with the
linear term outside.an algebraic
(single bracket)
expression
Example 3:
Find the product of the following
a) 5a( 4b) b) -3m (2m – 7n)
= 5a x 4b -3m(2m) -3m(-7n)
= 20ab = -6m2 + 21mn
The product is
The product is an algebraic
also a term expression
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6.1 Expanding Brackets
The expansion of two linear algebraic
expressions can be obtained by multiplying each
term in the first expression with every term in the
second expression.(two brackets)
Example 4:
Find the product of the following.
(x + 3) (x + 7) Like
terms
= x2 + 7x + 3x + 21
Like terms can be simplified Unlike
= x2 + 10x + 21 terms
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6.1 Expanding Brackets
The expansion of two linear algebraic expressions
can be obtained by multiplying each term in the first
expression with every term in the second
expression.
Example 5:
Find the product of the following.
One flower (f) Two flowers (f)
(5x + 2) (x - 4)
Like
terms
= 5x2 - 20x + 2x - 8
Like terms can be simplified f + 2f = 3f
= 5x2 - 18x - 8
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6.1 Expanding Brackets
The expansion of two linear algebraic expressions
can be obtained by multiplying each term in the first
expression with every term in the second
expression.
Example 6:
Find the product of the following.
Two One
strawberries tomato
(3a - b) (4a – 3) Unlike
terms
= 12a2 - 9a - 4ab + 3b 2s + t = 2s + t
All terms are unlike terms. They cannot be simplified.
= 12a2 – 9a – 4ab + 3b
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6.1 Expanding Brackets
The expansion of two similar linear algebraic
expressions can be found in the following methods.
Example 7: Method 2:
Find the product of (a + b)2.
Square the first term a, in the
Method 1: (a + b) means
2
bracket
the square of +
(a + b)
(a + b)2 Multiply all the terms, 2, a and b
+
square the second term b, in the
= (a + b) (a +b) bracket
= a2 + ab + ba + b2 (a + b)2
Like terms can be simplified = a2 + (2 x a x b) + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
Compare the answers
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6.1 Expanding Brackets
The expansion of two similar linear algebraic
expressions can be found in the following methods.
Example 8: Method 2:
Find the product of (a - b)2.
Square the first term a, in the
Method 1: (a - b) means
2
bracket
the square of +
(a - b)
(a - b)2 Multiply all the terms, 2, a and -b
+
square the second term -b, in the
= (a - b) (a - b) bracket
= a2 - ab - ba + b2 (a - b)2
Like terms can be simplified = a2 + (2 x a x -b) + -b2
= a2 - 2ab + b2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
Compare the answers
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6.1 Expanding Brackets
The expansion of two similar linear algebraic
expressions can be found in the following methods.
Example 9: Method 2:
Find the product of (2r + 3s)2.
Square the first term 2r, in the
Method 1: (2r + 3s) means
2
bracket
the square of +
(2r + 3s)
(2r + 3s)2 Multiply the terms, 2, 2r and 3s
+
(a - b)2 = (a - b) (a - b) = a2 - 2ab + b2
a2 - b2 = ( a + b ) ( a – b )
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factors of a term is the number or terms that can
divide a term exactly.
To find the factors of a term,
As an example: 3pq state the term as a product of
two different terms first.
3pq = 1 x 3pq
= 3 x pq Thus, the
factors of 3pq =
= p x 3q 1, 3, p, q, 3p,
= q x 3p 3q, pq, and 3pq
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic
9a and Expressions
3b can be
Number 3 must be divided by 3. So, 3
Factors of ato term
multiplied is the
each term number
is aor termsfactor
common that can
divide in
a the
term exactly.
bracket,
of
As an example: 9a + 3b
Expand: Factorise:
3(3a + b) = 9a + 3b
= 9a + 3b = 3(3a + b)
Expand
Factorising is
the reverse of
3(3a + b) 9a + 3b
expanding.
Factorise
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factors of a term is the number or terms that can
divide a term exactly.
Example 1:
Taking out the
common (a) 4ab2 – 6ac + 8a
factors of each
term.
= 2(2ab2 – 3ac + 4a)
= 2a(2b2 - 3c + 4)
Taking out the
common factor 2 Taking out the
common factor a
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factors of a term is the number or terms that can
divide a term exactly.
Example 2: Factorise of the following.
(a) 3xy2 + 12x2y
Taking out the
common factors of = 3(xy2 + 4x2y)
each term.
= 3x(y2 + 4xy)
Taking out the = 3xy(y + 4x)
common factor 3
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factors of a term is the number or terms that
can divide a term exactly.
Factorisation Of The Difference Between Two
Squares.
Can you express some examples?
x2 – y2
p2q2 – 16 x2 – ¼
4a2 – b2 9 – 25m2
1 – m2
32 – x2y4
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factors of a term is the number or terms that can
divide a term exactly.
Factorisation Of The Difference Between Two
Squares. (consists of two terms)
The identity that must be remembered.
x2 – y2
= (x – y) (x + y)
Example 1: Factorise of the following.
4a2 – b2 4a2 = (2a)2
= (2a)2 – b2
= (2a – b ) (2a + b)
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation Of The Difference Between Two
Squares. (consists of two terms)
The identity that must be remembered.
x2 – y 2
= (x – y) (x + y)
Example 2: Factorise of the following.
1 = 12 1 – m2
= 12 – m2
= (1 – m ) (1 + m)
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation Of The Difference Between Two
Squares. .(consists of two terms)
The identity that must be remembered.
x 2 – y2
= (x – y) (x + y)
Example 3: Factorise of the following.
16 = 42
p2q2 = (pq)2 p2q2 – 16
= (pq)2 – 42
= (pq – 4 ) (pq + 4)
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation Of The Difference Between Two
Squares. .(consists of two terms)
x2 – y 2
= (x – y) (x
Example 4: + y)
Factorise of the following.
¼ = ( ½ )2
x2 – ¼
= x2 – ( ½ ) 2
= (x – ½ ) ( x + ½ )
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation Of The Difference Between Two
Squares. .(consists of two terms)
The identity that must be remembered.
x 2 – y2
= Example
(x – y) 5:(x Factorise
+ y) of the following.
9 = 32
9 – 25m2 25m2 = (5m)2
= 32 – (5m)2
= (3 – 5m ) (3 + 5m)
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation Of The Difference Between Two
Squares. .(consists of two terms)
The identity that must be remembered.
x2 – y 2
= (x – y) (x + y)
Example 6: Factorise of the following.
x2y4 = (xy2)2
32 – x2y4
= 32 – (xy2)2
= (3 – xy2 ) (3 + xy2)
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation Of The Difference Between Two
Squares. .(consists of two terms)
The identity that must be remembered.
x2 – y 2 36x2 = (6x)2
121y2 = (11y)2
= (x – y) (x + y)
Example 7: Factorise of the following.
36x2– 121y2
= (6x)2 – (11y)2
= (6x – 11y ) (6x + 11y)
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation Of The Difference Between Two
Squares. .(consists of two terms)
The identity that must be remembered.
x 2 – y2
a4 = (a=
2 2 (x – y) (x
) + y) 8:
Example Factorise of the following.
a 4
– b 4
b = (b )
4 2 2
= (a2)2 – (b2)2
= (a2 – b2 ) (a2 + b2)
= (a – b) (a + b) (a2 + b2)
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation Of The Difference Between Two
Squares. .(consists of two terms)
The identity that must be remembered.
= 2(9 – 25y2)
= 2[32 – (5y)2]
= 2(3 – 5y) (3 + 5y)
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation Of The Difference Between Two
Squares.(consists of two terms)
The identity that must be remembered.
x 2 – y2
= (x –10:y)Factorise
Example (x + y)of the following.
16 = 42
a – 16
4
a4 = (a2)2
= (a2)2 – (22)2
= (a2 – 22 ) (a2 + 22)
= (a – 2) (a + 2) (a2 + 4)
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation of algebraic expressions which
consist of three terms.
The identities that must be remembered.
x2 + 2xy + y2 x2 - 2xy + y2
= (x + y) (x + y) = (x - y) (x - y)
= (x + y)2 = (x - y)2
Example 1: Factorise of the following.
a) x2 + 10x + 25 b) x2 - 14x + 49
= x2 + 2(5x) + 52 = x2 - 2(7x) + 72
= (x + 5 )2 = (x - 7)2
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6.2 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation of algebraic expressions which
consist of three terms.
The identities that must be remembered.
x2 + 2xy + y2 x2 - 2xy + y2
= (x + y) (x + y) = (x - y) (x - y)
= (x + y)2 = (x - y)2
Example 2: Factorise of the following.
= (4 + 3x) (9x – y)
Take out the
common factor
(9x – y)
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6.2 Factorisation Of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation of algebraic expressions which
consist of four terms.
Example 6: Factorise of the following.
Tips: Change the
4+3=7
expression into
4 x 3 = 12
four terms
x2 + 7x + 12
= x2 + 4x + 3x + 12 Group the term with
the same common
= (x2 + 4x) + (3x + 12) factor
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6.2 Factorisation Of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation of algebraic expressions which
consist of four terms.
Example 7: Factorise of the following.
Tips: Change the
13 - 3 = 10
expression into
13x(-3) = - 39
four terms
x2 + 10x - 39
= x2 + 13x - 3x - 39 Group the term with
the same common
= (x2 + 13x) - (3x + 39) factor
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6.2 Factorisation Of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation of algebraic expressions which
consist of four terms.
Example 8: Factorise of the following.
Tips: Change the
1-6=-5
expression into
1x(-6) = - 6
four terms
a2 – 5a - 6
= a2 + 1a – 6a - 6 Group the term with
the same common
= (a2 + a) - (6a + 6) factor
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6.2 Factorisation Of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation of algebraic expressions which
consist of four terms.
Example 9: Factorise of the following.
Tips:
Change the
- 8 - 3 = - 11
(-8)x(-3) = 24 expression into
four terms
m2 – 11m + 24
= m2 – 8m – 3m + 24 Group the term with
the same common
= (m2 - 8m) - (3m - 24) factor
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6.2 Factorisation Of Algebraic Expressions
Factorisation of algebraic expressions which
consist of four terms.
Example 10: Factorise of the following.
Tips:
Change the
8+1=9
2x4 = 8 8x1=8 expression into
four terms
2x2 + 9x + 4
= 2x2 + 8x + 1x + 4 Group the term with
the same common
= (2x2 + 8x) + (1x + 4) factor
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6.2 Factorising And Simplifying Algebraic Fractions
Algebraic fractions are fractions with algebraic
expressions as the numerator or denominator.
Can you give some examples?
numerator
numerator
Good job! 4a2 – b2
x2 numerator
numerator a+b
numerator
y denominato
denominato
rr
denominato
denominato
denominato
r rr
3x – 2 y2 – 4y + 4 x2 – 9
y y-2 (x–3)(x-1)
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6.2 Factorising And Simplifying Algebraic Fractions
Algebraic fractions are fractions with algebraic
expressions as the numerator or denominator.
Example 1:
Simplify the given fraction. Solution:
9ab2 3
=9xaxbxb
1
1 1
3b 3xb
Congratulations! =3xaxb
1
= 3ab
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6.2 Factorising And Simplifying Algebraic Fractions
Algebraic fractions are fractions with algebraic
expressions as the numerator or denominator.
Example 2:
Simplify the given fraction. Well
Solution: done!
1
x –9
2
= (x – 3) (x 1+ 3)
x+3 x+3
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6.2 Factorising And Simplifying Algebraic Fractions
Algebraic fractions are fractions with algebraic
expressions as the numerator or denominator.
Example 3:
Simplify the given fraction.
Solution:
4
8 – 32m = 8 1(1 - 4m) Good Job!
2 - 8m 2 (1 - 4m)
1
Factorise the = 4(1 – 4m)
1
numerator and the 1 - 4m
denominator first.
=4
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6.2 Factorising And Simplifying Algebraic Fractions
Algebraic fractions are fractions with algebraic
expressions as the numerator or denominator.
Example 4:
Simplify the given fraction.
Solution: Congratulations!
1
3p = 1 3p____
___
6p – 9q 3(2p – 3q)
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Factorising And Simplifying Algebraic Fractions
6.2
Algebraic fractions are fractions with algebraic
expressions as the numerator or denominator.
Example 5:
Simplify the given fraction.
Solution:
1 Bravo!
x2 + 5x + 6 = (x + 3) (x + 2)
1
(x + 3)2 (x + 3) (x + 3)
Factorise the
= x+2
numerator and the x+3
denominator first.
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6.3 Addition And Subtraction Of Algebraic Fractions
Example 1:
Solution:
x + 4x = x + 4x Maintain the
denominator
3 3 3
Good! Add the
= 5x numerator
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6.3 Addition And Subtraction Of Algebraic Fractions
a) Adding or subtracting two algebraic fractions with
similar denominators.
Example 2: Solution:
= 2x + y + (4x-3y)
2x + y + 4x – 3y 2 Maintain the
denominator
2 2
= 2x + 4x + y – 3y
Well done! 2
Add or
= 6x – 2y subtract the
numerators
2
1
= 2 (3x –1y) Simplify
2
= 3x - y
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6.3 Addition And Subtraction Of Algebraic Fractions
a) Adding or subtracting two algebraic fractions with
similar denominators.
Example 3: Solution:
= 3x - 5 - (9x - 7)
3x - 5 - 9x – 7 x+2 Maintain the
denominator
x+2 x+2
= 3x - 9x - 5 + 7
x+2
Add or
= - 6x + 2 subtract the
x+2 numerators
The positive
term is always = 2 - 6x
written in front x+2
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6.3 Addition And Subtraction Of Algebraic Fractions
b) Adding or subtracting two algebraic fractions with
different denominators.
Example 1: Solution:
= 5a x 2 – 3a
5a - 3a 7x2 14 Let the
denominators
7 14 same.
= 10a – 3a
14
Subtract the
= 7a numerators
14
Well Done!
= a Simplify
2
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6.3 Addition And Subtraction Of Algebraic Fractions
b) Adding or subtracting two algebraic fractions with
different denominators.
Example 2: Solution:
= n(m + n) + m(4m – 5n)
m + n + 4m – 5n
mxn nxm Multiply the
m n numerator and
= mn + n + 4m - 5mn
2 2
the
Very mn denominator
Good! Add or
= 4m2 – 4mn + n2
subtract the
mn
numerators
= (2m – n) (2m – n)
mn
= (2m – n)2
Simplify
mn
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6.4 Multiplication And Division Of Algebraic Fractions
Multiplying algebraic fractions.
(a) Denominator with one term
Example 1: Example 2:
3 ( 4a – 5b) 4 ( 3m + 7n)
y
One term
One term
Solution: Solution:
= 3 x 4a – 3 x 5b = 4 x 3m + 4 x 7n
Multiply the
= 12a – 15b numerator y y
separately Multiply the
= 12m – 28n numerator
y separately
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6.4 Multiplication And Division Of Algebraic Fractions
Multiplying algebraic fractions.
(b) Denominator with two terms
Example 3: Example 4:
X2 – y2 x x 4x – 8x2 x 15
2x x+y 5 4x
Two terms
Two terms
Solution: Solution:
1 1 1 3
= (x – y)(x + y) x x = 4x (1 – 2x) x 15
1 1 1 1
2x (x+y) 5 4x
Thank
You
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