CENTER OF EXCELLENCE

FOR

INDUSTRIAL ROBOTICS

At Pandian Saraswathi Yadav Engineering Collage, Arasanoor

In collaboration with

Embien Technologies India Private Limited,

Madurai

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 PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF
MATHEMATICS

TABLE OF CONTENT
S.NO. CONTENT S.NO. CONTENT
1 Mensuration 2 Trigonometry
3 Trigonometry 4 Calculus

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 1. Mensuration
What is Mensuration?:
•Mensuration in mathematics deals with the geometric parameters of 2D and 3D shapes such as the area,
volume, and perimeter etc.

2D and 3D shapes:
•2D and 3D shapes are formed by straight or curved lines in a plane.

2D shapes:
•Length and breadth only.

3D shapes:
•Length, breadth and height.

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 1.1 Square:

•All sides are equal Chess Board

•Area = a x a
•Perimeter = 4 x a

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 1.2 Rectangular:

•Opposites sides are equal Scale

•Area = l x b
•Perimeter = 2 (l + b)

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 1.3 Cube:

• Cube has 6 square faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges Dice

• Total Surface Area of Cube = 6a2 in a square units [since, a = side]
• Total Volume of cube = a3 cubic units

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 1.4 Circle:

• Area = πr2 Bike Wheel

• Circumference = 2πr
• Diameter = 2r

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 1.5 Cylinder:

• Total Surface Area = 2πr (h+r) square units

• Volume of Cylinder = πr2h cubic units

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 1.6 Triangle:

• Area of triangle =1/2bh Pyramid

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 1.7 Cone:

Ice Cream
• Total Surface Area of Cone = πr(r+(h2 + r2)1/2 )

• Volume of Cone = 1/3 πr2 h

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 2. Trigonometry
2.1 What is Trigonometry?
• Trigonometry is derived from the Greek words trigonon (three angles) and metron (measure).
• Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics which deals with triangles particularly triangles with one of
the angles is 90 degrees (right triangle).
• Trigonometry is the study of relationship between sides and angles of a triangle.
• The subject was originally developed to solve geometric problems involving triangles.
• Historically, trigonometry was applied for astronomy and geography.
• Besides other fields of mathematics trigonometry is used in physics, engineering, chemistry and
mathematics primarily in calculus, linear algebra and statistics.

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 2.2 Trigonometric functions

The trigonometric functions are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to
ratios of two side lengths.

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 2.3.1 Relationship between Trigonometric functions

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 2.3.2 Relationship between Trigonometric functions

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 2.4 Trigonometric values

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 2.5 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

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 2.6.1 Trigonometric Identities

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 2.6.2 Trigonometric Identities

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 2.7 Applications of Trigonometry
Astronomy
• For centuries, spherical trigonometry has been used for locating solar, lunar, and stellar positions,
predicting eclipses, and describing the orbits of the planets.
• In modern times, the technique of triangulation is used in astronomy to measure the distance to
nearby stars, as well as in satellite navigation systems.
Navigation
• Sextants are used to measure the angle of the sun or stars with respect to the horizon. Using
trigonometry and a marine chronometer, the position of the ship can be determined from such
measurements.
• Historically, trigonometry has been used for locating latitudes and longitudes of sailing vessels,
plotting courses, and calculating distances during navigation.
• Trigonometry is still used in navigation through such means as the Global Positioning System and
artificial intelligence for autonomous vehicles.

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 2.8 Applications of Trigonometry (Cntd…)

Surveying
• In land surveying, trigonometry is used in the calculation of lengths, areas, and relative angles
between objects.
• On a larger scale, trigonometry is used in geography to measure distances between landmarks.
Periodic functions
• The sine and cosine functions are fundamental to the theory of periodic functions, such as those
that describe sound and light waves. Fourier discovered that every continuous, periodic function
could be described as an infinite sum of trigonometric functions.
• Even non-periodic functions can be represented as an integral of sines and cosines through the
Fourier transform. This has applications to quantum mechanics and communications, among other
fields.
Optics and acoustics
• Trigonometry is useful in many physical sciences, including acoustics, and optics. In these areas,
they are used to describe sound and light waves, and to solve boundary- and transmission-related
problems.

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 Applications of Trigonometry (Cntd…)

Other fields that use trigonometry or trigonometric functions

• Music theory • Meteorology,
• Geodesy, • Oceanography,
• Audio synthesis, • Image compression,
• Architecture, • Phonetics,
• Electronics, • Electrical engineering,
• Biology, • Mechanical engineering,
• Medical imaging (CT scans and ultrasound), • Civil engineering,
• Chemistry, • Computer graphics,
• Number theory and hence cryptology, • Cartography,
• Seismology, • Crystallography,
• Game development.

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 Applications of Trigonometry (Cntd…)

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 Applications of Trigonometry (Cntd…)

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