SOCIETY and CULTURE

Karen Y. Rayos
BSSW 012
SOCIETY
- The way people
organize themselves
- Is about a group of
people who live
together usually in a
specific geographic
area and shares a
common culture
HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES

- Earliest forms of society

- Small and generally less
than 50 members which
are mostly related by
blood or marriage
- It is nomadic which
means they move as the
seasons change
PASTORAL SOCIETIES
- Earliest forms of society
- Small and generally less
than 50 members which
are mostly related by
blood or marriage
- It is nomadic which
means they move as the
seasons change
 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

- Earliest forms of society

- Small and generally less
than 50 members which
are mostly related by
blood or marriage
- It is nomadic which
means they move as the
seasons change
 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
- A society based on growing
food using plows and animals.
- They rely on the use of
technology in order to cultivate
crops in large areas, including
wheat, rice, and corn.
- Productivity increases, and as
long as there are plenty of food,
people do not have to move.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

- the period during the 18th century

when the production of goods in
mechanized factories 
- use of advanced sources of energy
to run large machinery which led
to industrialization
- Led to innovations in
transportation led people to travel,
work in factories, and live in cities.
 POST INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
- Their economy is based on services,
information and technology, not
production.
- The economy is dependent on
tangible goods, people must pursue
greater education, and the new
communications technology allows
work to be performed from a variety
of locations.
- Rather than just creating something,
the change is planned and assessed
 What comes to
your mind when
you think of
culture?
 CULTURE

- A way of life shared by a

group of people
- A society’s shared and
socially transmitted ideas,
values, and perceptions which
are used to make sense of
experience and which generate
behavior
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

Material culture
• cultural components that are
visible and tangible
• includes all the society’s material
objects with physical
representation such as tools,
furniture, buildings, gadgets,
books, etc.
COMPONENTS OF
CULTURE
Nonmaterial culture a. Cognitive culture
(symbolic culture) • Includes the ideas, concepts,
philosophies, designs, etc. that are
• nontangible or
products of the mental and intellectual
without physical functioning and reasoning of the human
representation mind
• includes the values, b. Normative culture
beliefs, symbols, and
• Includes all the expectations, standards
language that define
and rules for human behavior
a society
 TECHNOLOGY LANGUAGE

ELEMENTS
BELIEFS OF SYMBOLS
CULTURE

VALUES NORMS
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
Language
• a set of socially sound pattern,
words, and sentences having
specific meaning and
terminology common to the
same culture
• also known as storehouse of
culture as it is basic to
communication and transmission
of culture
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
Symbols
• Verbal or nonverbal acts,
gestures, signs, and objects
that communicate meaning
that people recognized and
share
• things that stand for
something else and that often
evoke various reactions and
emotions
ELEMENTS OF
CULTURE
Norms
• are the rules and the
guidelines which specify the
behavior of an individual or
simply the standards and
expectations for behaving.
• Norms keep a person within
the boundary of society and its
culture. It gives us restriction
about something which to do
and which not to do.
• It molds our behavior and
gives as knowledge about
wrong and right.
Folkways Also known as customs, these are norms for
everyday behavior that people follow for the sake
of tradition or convenience
Ex. Proper dress, proper eating behavior, correct
manner
Mores These are strict norms that control moral and
ethical behavior. Mores are norms based on
definitions of right and wrong
Ex. Murder, theft, rape, fraud, corruption
These are norms that society holds so strongly
Taboos
that violating it results in extreme disgust
Ex. Bestiality or zoophilia, incest, intermarriage
Laws These are codified ethics, and formally agreed,
written down and enforced by an official law
enforcement agency
ELEMENTS OF
CULTURE
Values
• ideals, or principles and standards
members of a culture hold in high
regard.
• Culturally defined standards of
desirability, goodness, and beauty
which serve as a influence and
guide to the behavior of people
• involve judgments of what is
appropriate or inappropriate
 ELEMENTS OF
CULTURE
Beliefs
• Are conceptions or ideas people
have about what is true in the
environment around them
• This may be based on common
sense, folk wisdom, religion,
science or a combination of all
of these
 ELEMENTS OF
CULTURE
Technology
• Refers to the application of
knowledge and equipment to
ease the task of living and
maintaining the environment
• Includes all artifacts, methods
and devices created and used by
people
CHARACTERISTICS
OF CULTURE
 DYNAMIC, FLEXIBLE and ADAPTIVE
• Culture is dynamic • Culture is capable of being
as it responds to the flexible to be able to face any
changing needs of challenges that life would bring
time, alongside to the
motion and actions
within and around it. • Culture is adaptive as people
When one aspect use technology, ideas and
changes within a activities in order to survive
system, culture easily and expand the human culture
responds to it and society
LEARNED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION
AND ENCULTURATION
• It is not biological since Socialization
we do not inherit it but • The lifelong process of an individual or
learn as we interact with group learning the expected norms and
society. Much of learning customs of a group or society through
culture is unconscious. social interaction
We learn, absorb and
acquire culture from Enculturation
families, peers,
• The process by which a person adopts
institutions, and the
the behavior patterns of the culture he
media lives in
SHARED AND MAY • As we share culture with others, we
BE CHALLENGED are able to act in appropriate ways
as well as predict how other will act

PATTERNED • Culture, as a normative system, has

the capacity to define and control
SOCIAL
human behaviors.
INTERACTIONS
• Known as holism, or the various parts of
culture being interconnected or
INTEGRATED interlinked. All aspects of a culture are
related to one another and to truly
understand a culture, one must learn about
all of its part, not only a few
 • As we share our culture with other,
TRANSMITTED we were able to pass it on to the
THROUGH new members of society or the
SOCIALIZATION AND younger generation in different
ENCULTURATION ways

• In the process of learning and

REQUIRES LANGUAGE transmitting culture, we need
AND OTHER FORMS OF symbols and language to
COMMUNICATION communicate with others in society
 ETHNOCENTRISM
• Is the view of things which one’s own group is the
center of everything and all others are scaled and
rated with reference to it
• Each group nourishes its own pride and vanity,
boasts itself superior, exalts its own divinities, and
looks with contempt on outsiders
• Judging another culture solely by the values and
standards of one’s own culture
 CULTURAL DIVERSITY
• a system of beliefs and behaviors that recognizes
and respects the presence of all diverse groups in an
organization or society, acknowledges and values
their socio-cultural differences, and encourages and
enables their continued contribution within an
inclusive cultural context which empowers all within
the organization or society.
Cultural diversity supports the
idea that every person can
make a unique and positive
contribution to the larger
society because of, rather than
in spite of, their differences.
 IMPORTANT ACTIONS IN
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
• Recognizing that there is • Valuing what cultures have
a large amount of to bring to the table
cultures that exist • Encouraging the
• Respecting each other’s contribution of diverse
groups
differences
• Empowering diverse groups
• Acknowledging that all to contribute
cultural expressions are • Celebrating differences, not
just tolerating them
 CULTURAL RELATIVISM
• is the principle of regarding and valuing the practices
of a culture from the point of view of that culture
and to avoid making hasty judgments.
• Cultural relativism tries to counter ethnocentrism by
promoting the understanding of cultural practices
that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating
insects and genital cutting (circumcision)
 SOURCES
• https://www.khanacademy.org/test
-prep/mcat/society-and-culture/cul
ture/v/culture-and-society
• https://pressbooks.howardcc.edu/s
oci101/chapter/3-2-the-elements-o
f-culture/
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/
elements-of-culture-definitions-an
d-ideal-real-culture.html
• https://www.slideshare.net/danical
yra/defining-culture-and-society-fr
om-the-perspectives-of-anthropolo
gy-and-sociology
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com
• https://cnx.org/contents/jfvOg0S
w@22.235:nq3WxcEq@12/Ele
ments-of-Culture
• https://openstax.org/books/intro
duction-sociology-3e/pages/3-2-
elements-of-culture
• https://us.sagepub.com/sites/def
ault/files/upm-assets/48151_boo
k_item_48151.pdf
• https://studylecturenotes.com/el
ements-of-culture-basic-element
s-of-culture/
• https://prezi.com/fjbsbhv62djz/t
ypes-of-societies/
Thank you!