Axial Magnification

Basic Optics, Chapter 21

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Axial Magnification

 We saw in Chapter 20 that transverse mag

addresses the relative heights of an image
and object
 But what about changes in the ‘fore and aft’
(i.e., along the lens axis) relative sizes?
 This is captured by axial magnification
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Axial Magnification

Note the addition of an axial component

to the object (and therefore image)

Thin plus lens

Image
Object F1 N F2
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Axial Magnification
Image height
You will recall that transverse mag is defined as:
Object height

Thin plus lens

Object height
Image
Object F1 N F2
Image height
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Axial Magnification
Image height
You will recall that transverse mag is defined as:
Object height

Likewise, axial magnification is defined as:

Image width
Object width

Object width Thin plus lens

Object height
Image
Object F1 N F2
Image height

Image width
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Axial Magnification

 Axial magnification can be approximated by

the square of the transverse magnification

Axial mag ≈ (Transverse mag)2

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Axial Magnification
2
Axial Image height
Transverse magnification is defined as: Object height
Axial
Transverse magnification is equal to:
(By the Vergence Law) (By similar triangles)

2 2
Vergence of incoming light (U) Image distance (v)
Vergence of light leaving lens (V) Object distance (u)
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Axial Magnification
2
Axial Image height
Transverse magnification is defined as: Object height
Axial
Transverse magnification is equal to:
(By the Vergence Law) (By similar triangles)

2 2
Vergence of incoming light (U) Image distance (v)
Vergence of light leaving lens (V) Thin plus lens Object distance (u)

Object height
U+P=V

F1 N F2 Image height

u v
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Axial Magnification
2
Axial Image height
Transverse magnification is defined as: Object height
Axial
Transverse magnification is equal to:
(By the Vergence Law) (By similar triangles)

2 2
Vergence of incoming light (U) Image distance (v)
Vergence of light leaving lens (V) Thin plus lens Object distance (u)

Object height
U+P=V

If u = -100cm, and F1 N F2 Image height

P = +3, then v = ?

u v
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Axial Magnification
2
Axial Image height
Transverse magnification is defined as: Object height
Axial
Transverse magnification is equal to:
(By the Vergence Law) (By similar triangles)

2 2
Vergence of incoming light (U) Image distance (v)
Vergence of light leaving lens (V) Thin plus lens Object distance (u)

Object height
U+P=V

If u = -100cm, and F1 N F2 Image height

P = +3, then v = 50cm

u v
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Axial Magnification
2
Axial Image height
Transverse magnification is defined as: Object height
Axial
Transverse magnification is equal to:
(By the Vergence Law) (By similar triangles)

2 2
Vergence of incoming light (U) Image distance (v)
Vergence of light leaving lens (V) Thin plus lens Object distance (u)

Object height
U+P=V

If u = -100cm, and F1 N F2 Image height

P = +3, then v = 50cm

Transverse mag =
v/u = 50/-100 = ?
u v
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Axial Magnification
2
Axial Image height
Transverse magnification is defined as: Object height
Axial
Transverse magnification is equal to:
(By the Vergence Law) (By similar triangles)

2 2
Vergence of incoming light (U) Image distance (v)
Vergence of light leaving lens (V) Thin plus lens Object distance (u)

Object height
U+P=V

If u = -100cm, and F1 N F2 Image height

P = +3, then v = 50cm

Transverse mag =
v/u = 50/-100 = -.5
u v
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Axial Magnification
2
Axial Image height
Transverse magnification is defined as: Object height
Axial
Transverse magnification is equal to:
(By the Vergence Law) (By similar triangles)

2 2
Vergence of incoming light (U) Image distance (v)
Vergence of light leaving lens (V) Thin plus lens Object distance (u)

Object height
U+P=V

If u = -100cm, and F1 N F2 Image height

P = +3, then v = 50cm

Transverse mag =
v/u = 50/-100 = -.5
u v

inverted
(The .5 tells us the image is ½ the size of the object; the minus sign indicates the image is inv erted )
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Axial Magnification
2
Axial Image height
Transverse magnification is defined as: Object height
Axial
Transverse magnification is equal to:
(By the Vergence Law) (By similar triangles)

2 2
Vergence of incoming light (U) Image distance (v)
Vergence of light leaving lens (V) Thin plus lens Object distance (u)

Object height
U+P=V

If u = -100cm, and F1 N F2 Image height

P = +3, then v = 50cm

Transverse mag =
v/u = 50/-100 = -.5
u v
10cm ?

If our arrow has a 10cm ‘nose,’

how big will the image nose be?
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Axial Magnification
2
Axial Image height
Transverse magnification is defined as: Object height
Axial
Transverse magnification is equal to:
(By the Vergence Law) (By similar triangles)

2 2
Vergence of incoming light (U) Image distance (v)
Vergence of light leaving lens (V) Thin plus lens Object distance (u)

Object height
U+P=V

If u = -100cm, and F1 N F2 Image height

P = +3, then v = 50cm

Transverse mag =
v/u = 50/-100 = -.5
u v
Axial mag = 10cm ?
(v/u)2 = -.52 = .25

If our arrow has a 10cm ‘nose,’

how big will the image nose be?
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Axial Magnification
2
Axial Image height
Transverse magnification is defined as: Object height
Axial
Transverse magnification is equal to:
(By the Vergence Law) (By similar triangles)

2 2
Vergence of incoming light (U) Image distance (v)
Vergence of light leaving lens (V) Thin plus lens Object distance (u)

Object height
U+P=V

If u = -100cm, and F1 N F2 Image height

P = +3, then v = 50cm

Transverse mag =
v/u = 50/-100 = -.5
u v
Axial mag = 10cm 2.5cm
(v/u)2 = -.52 = .25

If our arrow has a 10cm ‘nose,’

how big will the image nose be? .25 x 10 cm = 2.5 cm (approx)
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Axial Magnification

 Axial magnification is important in the context

of indirect ophthalmoscopy
 The condensing lens power and the pupillary
distance (PD) on the indirect
ophthalmoscope determine the perceived
height of elevated posterior pole lesions
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Axial Magnification

 Axial magnification is important in the context

of indirect ophthalmoscopy
 The condensing lens power and the pupillary
distance (PD) on the indirect
ophthalmoscope determine the perceived
height of elevated posterior pole lesions
PD in millimeters
Image lesion height =
Condensing lens power (D)
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Axial Magnification

 Axial magnification is important in the context

of indirect ophthalmoscopy
 The condensing lens power and the pupillary
distance (PD) on the indirect
ophthalmoscope determine the perceived
height of elevated posterior pole lesions
PD in millimeters
Image lesion height =
Condensing lens power (D)
Mathematically convenient
PD (it’s a little low)
60
Image lesion height = = 3x
20D
Typical condensing lens power