Objectives: Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

Section 14.
1
Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes
Objectives
1. To learn about hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole,

and London dispersion forces (van der Waals)
2. To understand the effect of intermolecular
forces on the properties of liquids
3. To learn about interactions among water
molecules
4. To predict relative physical properties based on
intermolecular forces of attraction
Section 14.1
A. Intermolecular Forces
Reviewing what we know
Gases Solids
• Low density • High density
• Highly compressible • Slightly compressible
• Fill container • Rigid (keeps its shape)
Section 14.1
• Intermolecular forces – occur between

molecules (Red Rover holding hands)
• Intramolecular forces – occur inside the
molecules (bonds)
Section 14.1
Hydrogen Bonding
(STRONGEST OF 3)
Highly Magnetic
Highly Polar Molecule
(Not really a Bond)
(Adhesion disk demo)
• Occurs between H and highly

electronegative atom
• For example H-N, H-O, H-F bond
Section 14.1
Dipole – Dipole attraction

(Middle Strength)
Permanent
Magnetic
Properties related
to molecular
dipole moment
Polar Molecules
Section 14.1
London Dispersion Forces (van der Waals)
Weakest-sometimes magnet-NonPolar Molecules
Formation of instantaneous dipoles by location
of electrons in orbital
Section 14.1
London Dispersion Forces (van der Waals)

• Found in Nonpolar molecules
Section 14.1
• The nature of intermolecular forces is the same
as the nature of intramolecular forces (bonds) –
only to a varying degree.
• Intermolecular forces of attraction are a weaker
part of the continuum of magnetic attractive
forces that include chemical bonding.
• Weaker (Inter) (Intra) Stronger
• ______________________________________
• VDW D-D H-Bond Covalent Polar Ionic
Section 14.1
• H bonding molecules will exhibit all 3

intermolecular forces of attraction
• H Bonding forces will be the dominate
• D-D molecules will exhibit D-D and vdW
• vdW only vdW
Section 14.1
A. Summary of IMF Forces
• VDW Dipole – Dipole H-Bonding

• sometimes
• Magnet
• Non Polar
• Weak IMF
Section 14.1
• Draw L-D and predict polarity to determine
which type of IMF will dominate.
• NH3
• HCl
• BCl3
• CH3Cl
• CH4
• H2O
• H2S
Section 14.1
London Dispersion Forces

• Become stronger as the
sizes of atoms or
molecules increase ---
WHY?
• As atomic size increases,
what else
increases in number?
• How would this affect the
ability of the molecules to
Section 14.1
Hydrogen Bonding
• Affects physical
properties
– Boiling point
– Which molecule
has the strongest
Intermolecular
forces of
attraction? Why?
Section 14.1
• Pour CH3OH vs H2O on tabletop
• The strength of intermolecular forces of
attraction and the ability of the molecules to hold
together directly affect the temperature at which
substances melt (or
freeze) and boil (or condense).
• See the Heating Curve…Explain on a molecular
level what happens during the solid/liquid and
liquid/gas phase change…..
Section 14.1
B. Water and Its Phase Changes

• Heating/cooling curve
Section 14.1

• Normal boiling point – at 1 atm = 100oC
• Normal freezing point – at 1 atm = 0oC
• Density
– Liquid = 1.00 g/mL
– Solid = 0.917 g/mL
– Density differs
because of the
H-bonding effect at
lower temps (lattice)
(vdW, DD, H videos)
Section 14.1
• Let’s consider what happens on a molecular

level when a substance changes phase from
solid to liquid and liquid to gas.
• Motion, space between molecules, forces to
overcome?
• Changes of state video
• Thoughts on boiling water at room
temperature? Thoughts only!!
Section 14.1
• As the strength of the intermolecular forces increases:

• The Boiling Point increases
• The Vapor Pressure decreases
• The Freezing Point increases
Section 14.1
B. Predicting Relative Physical Properties
• Which of the following substances would have

the higher boiling point? (Think polarity)
• NH3 or BCl3
• CH4 or CH3Cl
• H2O or H2S
• HF or HCl
• Which would have the highest freezing point?
Vapor Pressure?
Section 14.1
B. Predicting Relative Physical Properties

Section 14.1
Section 14.1
Section 14.1
Objectives Review
1. To learn about hydrogen bonding, dipole-
dipole, and London dispersion forces (van
der Waals)
2. To understand the effect of intermolecular
forces on the properties of liquids
3. To learn about interactions among water
molecules
4. To predict relative physical properties
based on intermolecular forces of
attraction
5. Work Session: Page 497 Review # 1-5
Section 14.1
Objectives
• To understand and use heat of fusion and

heat of vaporization
• To derive formulas
• To use the 5 Step Method to find
solutions using multiple equations
Section 14.1
C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State
• Calculate the heat required to raise 9.54 g of

liquid water from a temperature of 0 oC to 80
o
C? The specific heat capacity of liquid water is
4.18 . J
g C o
• Q = ms T
• Q=?
• m = 9.54 g
J
• s = 4.18 g C o
 T = (80 – 0) oC
Section 14.1
• Calculate the heat required to raise 9.54 g of

liquid water from a temperature of 0 oC to
80 oC? The specific heat capacity of liquid
water is 4.18 g JC .
o
• Q = ms T
J
• Q = (9.54 g) (4.18 g C)(80 – 0) oC
o
• Q = 3190.18 J = 3.19 kJ
• Remember this #
Section 14.1
C. Energy Requirements
for the Changes of State
• Changes of state are

physical changes
– No chemical bonds
are broken
Section 14.1

• Molar heat of fusion – energy required to
melt (S-L) 1 mol of a substance
• Molar heat of vaporization – energy
required to change 1 mol of a liquid to its
vapor …units of both??
Section 14.1
• If the molar heat of fusion of ice is 6.02 kJ/mol,

how much energy is required to melt 9.54 g of
ice at 0 oC?
• Can we derive the formula?
• Q = (molar heat of fusion kJ/mol)(mol)
• Q=
• fusion =
• mol =
Section 14.1
• If the molar heat of fusion of ice is 6.02 kJ/mol,

how much energy is required to melt 9.54 g of
ice at 0 oC?
• Q = (molar heat of fusion kJ/mol)(mol)
• Q=?
• fusion = 6.02 kJ/mol
• mol = 9.54 g = mol
• Q = (6.02 kJ/mol)(0.53mol) = 3.19 kJ

• Same Q to change phase S-L as to heat 80 oC!
Section 14.1
• Calculate the energy (kJ) required to heat 25 g

of liquid water from 25 oC to 100 oC and change
it to steam at 100 oC. The specific heat capacity
J
of liquid water is 4.18 g C , and the molar heat of
o
vaporization of water is 40.6 kJ/mol.

• _____________________________________
• Make a mental map- what is the essential Q?
• Gather what you know- formulas, constants?
• Unit analysis-conceptual logic, what’s going on?
Section 14.1

J
o

• Energy in kJ to take Liq from 25 oC to steam at
100 oC
• 1) Warm w/o phase change 2) phase change
• Two formulas, two thermodynamic properties
Section 14.1

J
o

• 1) Warm: Q = ms T
• Q=
• m=
• s=
 T =
Section 14.1

• 1) Warm: Q = ms T
• Q=?
• m = 25 g
J
• s = 4.18 g Co
 T = (100 – 25) oC
• Q = ms T = (25 g)(4.18 g JC )(75 oC) = 7.8 X 103 J
o
• 7800 J = kJ
• 7.8 kJ Warm only……

Section 14.1

• Calculate the energy (kJ) required to heat 25 g of
liquid water from 25 oC to 100 oC and change it to
steam at 100 oJC. The specific heat capacity of liquid
water is 4.18 g C , and the molar heat of vaporization of
o
water is 40.6 kJ/mol.

• 2) Phase change
• Q = (molar heat of vap kJ/mol)(mol)
• Q=?
• vap = 40.6 kJ/mol
• mol = 25 g = mol
• Q = (40.6 kJ/mol)(1.39 mol) = 56.43 kJ

Section 14.1

• Calculate the energy (kJ) required to heat 25 g of
liquid water from 25 oC to 100 oC and change it to
steam at 100 oJC. The specific heat capacity of liquid
water is 4.18 g C , and the molar heat of vaporization of
o
water is 40.6 kJ/mol.

• 1) Warm = 7.8 kJ
• 2) Phase change = 56.43 kJ
• Total ------------------ = 64.23 kJ
• Notice that most of the energy is required for the
phase change event.
Section 14.1
• molar heat of vaporization of water is 40.6 kJ/mol

• molar heat of fusion of water is 6.02 kJ/mol
• Does it take more energy to melt ice or boil liquid?

Why?
Section 14.1
Objectives Review
• To understand and use heat of fusion and

heat of vaporization
• To derive formulas
• To use the 5 Step Method to find solutions
using multiple equations
• Work Session: Page 497 #6-7
Practice Problem 14.2
Section 14.2
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
Objectives
1. To understand the relationship among

vaporization, condensation and vapor
pressure
2. To relate the boiling point of water to its
vapor pressure
based on intermolecular forces of
attraction
Section 14.2
A. Evaporation and Vapor Pressure
• Vaporization or evaporation – individual

molecules gain enough energy to change phase
– Endothermic – requires heat input (Sanitizer)
Section 14.2
Vapor Pressure
• Amount of liquid first

decreases then becomes constant
- H2O bottle
• Condensation - process by which vapor
molecules convert to a liquid
• When no further change is visible the
opposing processes balance each other -
equilibrium
Section 14.2
Vapor Pressure
• Vapor pressure - pressure of the vapor
present at equilibrium with its liquid
Vapor pressures
vary widely -
relates to
intermolecular
forces
Section 14.2
1. Vapor pressure - pressure of the vapor

present at equilibrium with its liquid-
relates to intermolecular forces
2. Molecules with higher intermolecular
forces of attraction will have ________
vapor pressures because
_________________________.
• lower, molecules will hold together more.
Section 14.2
Vapor Pressure
• Which of the following substances would
have the higher vapor pressure? Why?
• NH3 or BF3
• CH4 or CH2Cl2
• H2O or CH3OH (methyl alcohol)
• CH3OH or CH3CH2CH2CH2OH (butyl alc)
What is the BP of methyl alcohol? Butyl alc?
Section 14.2
B. Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

Section 14.2

Section 14.2
• Boiling point is defined as occurring when

the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to
the total external pressure (atmospheric
pressure). Not defined by temperature!
• Boil water at room temp??
• Boil water with ice?

Section 14.2
• Which of the following substances would

have the higher……BP FP VP
• GeH4 or AsH3
• CCl4 or H2Te
• CO2 or H2S
• HF or HBr
• The amazing floating steel!
Section 14.2
Objectives Review
1. To understand the relationship among
vaporization, condensation and vapor
pressure
2. To relate the boiling point of water to its
vapor pressure
based on IMF’s
4. To reiterate the difference between IMF
and bonds
5. Work Session: Page 503 # 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
Section 14.3
Properties of Solids
Objectives
1. To learn about the types of crystalline

solids
2. To understand the interparticle forces in
crystalline solids
3. To learn how the bonding in metals
determines metallic properties
Section 14.3
A. The Solid State: Types of Solids
• Crystalline solids
Section 14.3
Section 14.3
Section 14.3
B. Bonding in Solids
Section 14.3
Ionic Solids
• Stable substances with
high melting points
• Held together by strong
forces between ions
Section 14.3
Molecular Solids
• Fundamental particle is a molecule
• Melt at relatively low temperatures
• Held together by weak intermolecular forces
Section 14.3
Atomic Solids
• Fundamental particle is the atom
• Properties vary greatly
– Group 8 - low melting points
– Diamond - very high melting point
Section 14.3
Bonding in Metals
• Metals are held together by nondirectional covalent
bonds (called the electron sea model) among the closely
packed atoms
• Video clips?
Section 14.3
Bonding in Metals
• Metals form alloys of two types
– Substitutional – different atoms are substituted for the
host metal atoms
Section 14.3
Bonding in Metals
• Metals form alloys of two types
– Interstitial – small atoms are introduced into the
“holes” in the metallic structure

Objectives: Intermolecular Forces and Phase Changes

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Section 14.

1. To learn about hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole,

• Intermolecular forces – occur between

• Occurs between H and highly

Dipole – Dipole attraction

London Dispersion Forces (van der Waals)

• H bonding molecules will exhibit all 3

A. Summary of IMF Forces

• VDW Dipole – Dipole H-Bonding

London Dispersion Forces

B. Water and Its Phase Changes

B. Water and Its Phase Changes

B. Water and Its Phase Changes

• Let’s consider what happens on a molecular

B. Water and Its Phase Changes

• As the strength of the intermolecular forces increases:

B. Predicting Relative Physical Properties

• Which of the following substances would have

B. Predicting Relative Physical Properties

• To understand and use heat of fusion and

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State

• Calculate the heat required to raise 9.54 g of

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State

• Calculate the heat required to raise 9.54 g of

• Changes of state are

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State

• If the molar heat of fusion of ice is 6.02 kJ/mol,

• If the molar heat of fusion of ice is 6.02 kJ/mol,

• Q = (6.02 kJ/mol)(0.53mol) = 3.19 kJ

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State

• Calculate the energy (kJ) required to heat 25 g

vaporization of water is 40.6 kJ/mol.

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State

• Calculate the energy (kJ) required to heat 25 g

vaporization of water is 40.6 kJ/mol.

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State

vaporization of water is 40.6 kJ/mol.

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State

• 7.8 kJ Warm only……

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State

water is 40.6 kJ/mol.

• Q = (40.6 kJ/mol)(1.39 mol) = 56.43 kJ

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State

water is 40.6 kJ/mol.

C. Energy Requirements for the Changes of State

• molar heat of vaporization of water is 40.6 kJ/mol

• Does it take more energy to melt ice or boil liquid?

• To understand and use heat of fusion and

1. To understand the relationship among

• Vaporization or evaporation – individual

• Amount of liquid first

1. Vapor pressure - pressure of the vapor

B. Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

B. Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

B. Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

• Boiling point is defined as occurring when

• Boil water with ice?

B. Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure

• Which of the following substances would

1. To learn about the types of crystalline

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