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MATHEMATICS IN THE
MODERN WORLD
(MATHMOW)

Lesson 4
MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY

ACCESS COMPUTER COLLEGE

 TOPICS
STATISTICS
- DATA MANAGEMENT
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
- GROUPED DATA
- UNGROUPED DATA
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Topic 1: STATISTICS
WHAT DOES
❑ STATISTICS STATISTICIAN DO?

⮚a collection of methods for ✔ Collect numbers of data

planning experiments,
✔ Systematically organizes
obtaining data, and then then or arranges the data
organizing, summarizing, ✔ Infers general conclusions
presenting, analyzing, above the problem using
this numerical description
interpreting, and drawing
conclusions based on the
data. 
 Topic 1: STATISTICS
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Key Concepts
❑ POPULATION
✔ If sample data are not
⮚ the complete collection of all elements collected in an
(scores, people, measurements, and so on) appropriate way, the
to be studied. data may be so
completely useless that
❑ SAMPLE no amount of statistical
torturing can salvage
⮚ a sub-collection of elements drawn from a them.
population.
✔ Sample data must be
❑ CENSUS collected in an
appropriate way, such
⮚ the collection of data from every member of as through a process of
the population. random selection.
 Topic 1: DATA MANAGEMENT
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❑ DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL

⮚ Data can be used in different ways.
The body of knowledge called
statistics is divided into two main
areas .

✔ DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

✔ INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
 Topic 1: DATA MANAGEMENT
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⮚ Examples

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ✔ Nine out of ten on the job

fatalities are men
Consist of the collection , organization,
summarization and presentation of data ✔ Expenditures for the
cable industry were 20
billion in 1996

✔ The national average

annual medicine
expenditure per person
is Php 25,000
 Topic 1: DATA MANAGEMENT
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Examples :
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
⮚ It consist of generating from samples to o The chances of winning
populations, performing estimations and the California lottery are
one chance in twenty
hypothesis tests , determining relationships
two million.
among variables, and making predictions.
o There is a relationship
between smoking
cigarettes and getting
emphysema
Topic 1: DATA MANAGEMENT
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3 Methods
❑PRESENTATION OF DATA

This refers to the organization TEXTUAL

of data into tables, graphs or

TABULAR
charts, so that logical and
statistical conclusions can be
GRAPHICAL
derived from the collected
measurements.
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Topic 1: DATA MANAGEMENT

✔ TEXTUAL
⮚ presenting data in
the form of words,
sentences and
paragraphs.
Topic 1: DATA MANAGEMENT
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✔ TABULAR Age Distribution of the Students

⮚ It is a systematic and
logical arrangement
of data in the form of
Rows and Columns
with respect to the
characteristics of data.
 Topic 1: DATA MANAGEMENT
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⮚ data are presented thru graphs and

✔ GRAPHICAL diagrams .

✔ PIE OR CIRCLE ✔ PICTOGRAPH - It ✔ LINE GRAPH –

✔ BAR GRAPH –
GRAPH- shows uses small identical most useful in
used to show
percentages or figures of objects displaying data
relationships/
effectively. called isotopes in that changes
comparison
making continuously over
between groups
comparisons . time.
Topic 2: MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
 Topic 2: MEASURE of CENTRAL TENDENCY
⮚ In statistics, a CENTRAL
TENDENCY is a central value It is
occasionally called the Center of
the Distribution.
⮚ Measures of central tendency
are defined for a:
⮚ population (large set of objects
of a similar nature)
⮚ sample (portion of the elements
of a population).
Topic 2: MEASURE of CENTRAL TENDENCY
Topic 2: Mean, Median and Mode of Ungrouped Data

UNGROUPED DATA
 
 Topic 2: MEAN OF UNGROUPED DATA
MEAN
⮚ The MEAN of a set of values or measurements is the sum of all the
measurements divided by the number of measurements in the set.

⮚ The mean is the most popular and widely used. It is sometimes

called the ARITHMETIC MEAN.
 Topic 2: MEAN OF UNGROUPED DATA
Example 1 Example 2
Scores of 15 students in MATHMOW quiz The mean of four numbers is 71.5. If three of
consist of 25 items. The highest score is the numbers are 60, 76, and 88, what is the
25 and the lowest score is 10. Here are value of the fourth number?
the scores: 25, 20, 18, 18, 17, 15, 15, 15,
 
14, 14, 13, 12, 12, 10, 10. Find the mean
in the following scores.  
   
   
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Topic 2: MEAN OF UNGROUPED DATA
WEIGHTED MEAN
⮚ is the mean of a set of values wherein
each value or measurement has a
different weight.

⮚ is also referred as the same as that of Where:

arithmetic mean. Where as each of the
data is contributed uniformly with the
weighed value. The term weighted
average can also be known as
weighted arithmetic mean or weighted
harmonic mean.
x - is the repeating value
w - is the number of
occurrences of x (weight)
x̄ - Is the weighted mean
 Topic 2: MEAN OF UNGROUPED DATA
Example 1
Four groups of samples of a solution were studied. The results, in terms of
percent active ingredient were listed below.
X1 = 5.05% W1 = 15
X2 = 4.92% W2 = 9
X3 = 4.95% W3 = 12  
X4 = 4.97% W4 = 10
 

 
 Topic 2: MEAN OF UNGROUPED DATA
Example 2
A student got his preliminary grades for SY 2012 - 2013: Find the student’s
weighted Average
SUBJECT GRADE UNITS
English I 2.75 3
Mathematics I 2 3  
Physics I 2.5 5
Social Arts 1.25 3
PE 2 1.5 2  
Filipino 2.25 3

 
 Topic 2: MEDIAN OF UNGROUPED DATA
MEDIAN (middle value)

 The "MEDIAN" of a data set is dependent on whether the

number of elements in the data set is odd or even.

⮚ First reorder the data set from the smallest to the largest.
⮚ Mark off high and low values until you reach the middle.
⮚ If there 2 middles, add them and divide by 2.
 Topic 2: MEDIAN OF UNGROUPED DATA
Example 1 Example 2
✔ Data Set Ten books were randomly
2, 5, 9, 3, 5, 4, 7 selected and the numbers
of pages were recorded as
follows:
Reordered
550 , 500 , 465 , 601 , 610
2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 9 480 , 510 , 580 , 600 , 475
465 , 475 , 480 , 500 ,
510 ,550 , 580 , 600 , 601 ,
  610
Example 3
The front row in a movie
theatre has 23 seats. If you
were asked to sit in the seat
that occupied the median
position, in which seat
would you have to sit?
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 23
 Topic 2: MODE OF UNGROUPED DATA
MODE (most frequent)
⮚ The "Mode" for a data set is the
element that occurs the most
often.
⮚ It is not uncommon for a data set
to have more than one mode.
⮚ This happens when two or more
elements occur with equal
frequency in the data set.
⮚ If all values occur the same
number of times, there is no
mode
The mode or the modal score is a score that
occurred most in the distribution.
It is CLASSIFIED as:
UNIMODAL is a distribution of scores
consist of only one mode.
BIMODAL is a distribution of a scores that
consist of two modes.
TRIMODAL is a distribution of a scores that
consist of three modes
MULTIMODAL that consist of more than two
modes.
 Topic 2: MODE OF UNGROUPED DATA
Example 1
Data Set = 2, 5, 9, 3, 5, 4, 7, 2, 3, 3, 5

   

Example 2
A student recorded her scores on weekly math quizzes that were marked out of a
possible 10 points. Her scores were as follows:
8, 5, 8, 5, 7, 6, 7, 7, 5, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 9, 8, 9, 7, 9, 9, 6, 8, 6, 6, 7, 5

   
Topic 2: Mean, Median and Mode of Ungrouped Data

GROUPED DATA
 
Topic 3: Mean, Median and Mode of Grouped Data
 Topic 2: Mean, Median and Mode of Grouped Data
Example FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
LOWER CLASS CUMULATIVE
Scores of 40 students in a SCORES FREQUENC
Y (f) BOUNDARIES MARK fx FREQUENCY
(lb) (x) (cf)
science class consist of 60 items
and tabulated below. The highest 10-14 5 9.5
score is 54 and the lowest score
15-19 2 14.5
is 10.
20 – 24 3 19.5
25 - 29 5 24.5
30 - 34 2 29.5
35 - 39 9 34.5
40 - 44 6 39.5
45 - 49 3 44.5
50 -54 5 49.5
 Topic 2: Mean of Grouped Data
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
MEAN FREQUENC LOWER CLASS CUMULATIVE
SCORES Y (f) BOUNDARIES MARK fx FREQUENCY
(lb) (x) (cf)

10-14 5
9.5
15-19 2
14.5
  20 – 24 3 19.5
  25 - 29 5 24.5
30 - 34 2 29.5
35 - 39 9 34.5
40 - 44 6 39.5
45 - 49 3 44.5
 
50 -54 5 49.5
 TopicMedian
Topic 2: Mean, 2: Median
andofMode
Grouped Data
of Ungrouped Data
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
LOWER CUMULATIVE
MEDIAN
SCORES FREQUENC BOUNDARIES FREQUENCY
Y (f) (lb) (cf)

10-14 5 1-5
9.5
 
15-19 2
14.5
6-7
20 – 24 3 8-10  
19.5
25 - 29 5 11-15
24.5  
30 - 34 2  16 – 17
29.5
35 - 39 9 18 – 26  
34.5
  - 44
40 6 27-32  
 
39.5
45 - 49 3 33 – 35  
44.5
50 -54 5 36 -40
49.5
 Topic 2: Mode of Grouped Data
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
LOWER CUMULATIVE
MODE
SCORES FREQUENC BOUNDARIES FREQUENCY
Y (f) (lb) (cf)

10-14 5
9.5
15-19 2
 
14.5
20 – 24 3  
19.5
 
25 - 29 5
24.5
30 - 34 2
29.5
35 - 39 9
34.5  
40 - 44 6
 
39.5
 
 
45 - 49 3
44.5
50 -54 5
 
49.5
 REMINDERS
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NEXT WEEK
LESSON 5
MATHEMATICS AS A TOOL:
“Measures of Dispersion”
 Problem Set
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Problem Set 4 is already posted on our Google

Classroom.
Instructions:
1. Write your solutions and answers on clean
sheets of white short bond papers.
2. Use only pens with blue or black ink.
3. Scan your solutions sheet(s) in one (.pdf)-
format file and edit the filename as
(Surname.Firstname.pdf)
4. Submit your solutions by uploading the file
through Google Classroom before the
deadline.
 REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Authors David M. Lane, David Scott1,
Rudy Guerra, Dan Osherson