University Of Ibadan Group 1

Mild Stimulants:Tobacco and Caffeine

PSY 308: Psychology Of Substance Abuse

Lecturer In Charge:Mrs Olutola Funmilayo

 PARTICIPANTS

★ Bobade Esther Oluwatobiloba - 207513

★ Adeyinka Deborah Tomilehin - 198279
★ Perekpo Feranmi Victoria - 198338
★ Inuwa Abigail Nenrit - 205438
★ Akinpelu Olalekan - 207509
★ Olujemibola Oluwasegun.O - 208239
★ Idoko Adoyi - 205789
★ Abiodun Williams - 206560
★ Akinade Akintomiwa Michael - 207507
★ Adeyoye Oluwasemilore Atinuke - 199628
TOBACCO
 TOBACCO

Tobacco is one of the most widely abused

substances in the world. Other names
include cigarette, crop, smoking, cigar,
leaf, plant, snuff, weed. It is highly
addictive. The Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention estimates that tobacco
causes 6 million deaths per year. This
makes tobacco the leading cause of
preventable death

TOBACCO
 CONTENTS

01 MEDICAL USE 05 Tolerance and Psychological

effect
MECHANISM OF ACTION
02 06 Diagnosis and Treatment

03 METHOD OF
ADMINISTRATION
07 Rehabilitation

04 PHYSICAL EFFECTS 08 Prevention

TOBACCO
 MEDICAL USES

● Nicotine replacement products

(NRTs) are designed to minimize
addictiveness

● Nicotine is being researched in

clinical trials for possible benefit in
treating Parkinson's disease,
dementia, ADHD, depression and
sarcoma..

TOBACCO
 MEDICAL USES

● Nicotine
verbal
smokers Patchesinimprove
memory short-term
elderly non-
● Nicotine is and
prevention
colitis beneficial for the
treatment of ulcerative

TOBACCO NICOTINE PATCH

 METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION

● Smoking
● By snorting
● Chewing tobacco
● Injection
● Taking Nicotine
Replacement Therapies
(NRTs)
TOBACCO
 MECHANISM OF ACTION

Nicotine is an amine (one of a group of compounds that contain nitrogen).

Nicotine binds to receptors (known as “nicotine acetylcholine receptors”,
abbreviated as nAChRs) which are located on the smoker’s muscles and
throughout the brain.
Nicotine stimulates receptors to start a reaction that results in further
release of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers that move between nerves,
muscles or glands to affect many bodily functions, mood, and behaviour).

TOBACCO
TOBACCO
 PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
PHYSICAL EFFECTS
● Nicotine irritation and burning ● Increase in anxiety and tension
sensation the mouth and throat. ● It causes depression
● Increased salivation ● Could cause schizophrenia
● Nausea ● Could lead to severe withdrawal
● Abdominal pain symptoms such as ;
● Vomiting ○ Craving
● Diarrhea ○ Irritability
● Increase in pulse rate and blood ○ Restlessness
pressure TOBACCO ○ Difficulty concentrating
 PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
PHYSICAL EFFECTS
● Nicotine irritation and burning ● Increase in anxiety and tension
sensation the mouth and throat. ● It causes depression
● Increased salivation ● Could cause schizophrenia
● Nausea ● Could lead to severe withdrawal
● Abdominal pain symptoms such as ;
● Vomiting ○ Craving
● Diarrhea ○ Irritability
● Increase in pulse rate and blood ○ Restlessness
pressure TOBACCO ○ Difficulty concentrating
 TOLERANCE EFFECTS

Nicotine tolerance results from

adaptation to the effects of nicotine
where responses diminish or fall after
repeated nicotine consumption, or where
greater nicotine doses are required to
achieve the same magnitude of response,
further, chronic tolerance declines very
little during abstinence, suggesting
chronic tolerance is not closely related to
dependence.

TOBACCO
 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Signs of Tobacco Use Disorder DSM-5 305.1 F17.200

The DSM-5 diagnose Tobacco Use Disorder as:

1. When an individual uses tobacco for more than a year and a minimum of two
of the following sub-features appear, the disorder is diagnosed.
2. More amounts of tobacco over a longer timeframe than planned are used.
3. Inability to quit or lessen the amount of tobacco use in spite of efforts to do
so.
4. Excessive amount of time spent on attaining or using tobacco.
5. Desire (cravings) for tobacco.

TOBACCO
 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Signs of Tobacco Use Disorder DSM-5 305.1 F17.200(contd.)

● Relinquish responsibilities because of the tobacco use.

● Use of tobacco persists in spite of its negative impacts both socially and in
relationships. For instance when an individual abandon career, social and
other activities to use tobacco.
● Use tobacco in harmful situations/settings.
● Use is persistent even in the face of physical or emotional difficulties that are
related to the use of tobacco.

TOBACCO
 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Signs of Tobacco Use Disorder DSM-5 305.1 F17.200(contd.)

● The tolerance built up for nicotine is shown by the following.

● Necessity to increase the amounts of nicotine to get the effect
wanted. That is, when using the same amounts of nicotine, but
clearly has less of an effect.

TOBACCO
 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

1. NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY: Most regular smokers, perhaps the

greatest majority are nicotine dependent. The use of nicotine replacement in
Prescription gum ( brand name: Nicorette), transdermal (skin) patches and nasal
sprays can help smokers avoid unpleasant withdrawal symptoms and cravings for
cigarettes. (Stresser et al., 2005; Shiffman et al., 2002).
Nicotine Replacement Therapy is most effective when it is combined with
behavioral therapy that focuses on fostering adaptive behavioral changes.

TOBACCO
PREVENTION OF TOBACCO(NICOTINE)DEPENDENCE

● Prevention efforts must focus on young adults ages 18 through 25, too. Almost
no one starts smoking after age 25. Nearly 9 out of 10 smokers started smoking
by age 18, and 99% started by age 26. Progression from occasional to daily
smoking almost always occurs by age 26.
● Strategies that comprise successful comprehensive tobacco control programs
include mass media campaigns, higher tobacco prices, smoke-free laws and
policies, evidence-based school programs, and sustained community-wide
efforts.
 PREVENTION OF TOBACCO(NICOTINE)
DEPENDENCE(contd.)

● Prevention can take the form of policy-level measures, such as increased taxation of
tobacco products; stricter laws (and enforcement of laws) regulating who can purchase
tobacco products; how and where they can be purchased; where and when they can be
used (i.e., smoke-free policies in restaurants, bars, and other public places); and
restrictions on advertising and mandatory health warnings on packages.
Over 100 studies have shown that higher taxes on cigarettes, for example,
produce significant reductions in smoking, especially among youth and lower-income
individuals. Smoke-free workplace laws and restrictions on advertising have also
shown benefits.
CAFFEINE
 CAFFEINE

Caffeine is a chemical found in coffee, tea, cola, guarana, mate, and other
products. Other names are 1,3,7-Trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione,
Anhydrous Caffeine,
Caffeine is most commonly used to improve mental alertness, but it has
many other uses. Caffeine is used by mouth or rectally in combination with
painkillers (such as aspirin and acetaminophen) and a chemical called
ergotamine for treating migraine headaches

CAFFEINE
 CONTENTS

01 MEDICAL USE 05 Tolerance and Psychological

effect
MECHANISM OF ACTION
02 06 Diagnosis and Treatment

03 METHOD OF
ADMINISTRATION
07 Rehabilitation

04 PHYSICAL EFFECTS 08 Prevention

CAFFEINE
 MEDICAL USES

● Migraine. Taking caffeine by mouth

together with pain relievers such as
aspirin and acetaminophen is
effective for treating migraines.
● Caffeine citrate is approved as a
prescription drug for treating
neonatal apnea in premature infants

CAFEINE
 MEDICAL USES

● Headache after surgery. Using caffeine by

mouth or intravenously is effective for
preventing headaches following surgery
● Tension headache. Taking caffeine by
mouth in combination with pain relievers
is effective for treating tension headaches.

CAFFEINE
 METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION

● Coffee
● By ingesting capsules along with
water
● Another form of liquid consumption
of caffeine apart from coffee is
caffeinated energy drinks

CAFFEINE
 MECHANISM OF ACTION

Caffeine is rapidly and completely absorbed in humans, with 99

percent being absorbed within 45 minutes of ingestion (Bonati et al., 1982;
Liguori et al., 1997).
When it is consumed in beverages (most commonly coffee, tea, or soft
drinks) caffeine is absorbed rapidly from the gastrointestinal tract and
distributed throughout body water.
More rapid absorption can be achieved by chewing caffeine-containing
gum or other preparations that allow absorption through the oral mucosa.

TOBACCO
 PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

PHYSICAL EFFECTS PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

● Increased breathing and heart
● Anxiety and Nervousness
rate
● Insomnia ● It inhibits the actions of
● Speeds up digestion adenosine in the brain.
● Muscle breakdown
● High blood pressure
● Fatigue
● Frequent urination and urgency

CAFFEINE
 PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

PHYSICAL EFFECTS
● Agitation
● Hyperactivity
● Stomach Irritation.
● Restlessness.

CAFFEINE
 TOLERANCE EFFECTS

Tolerance to many behavioral effects of

caffeine has been observed in mice, cats, and
squirrel monkeys treated regularly with
methylxanthine. Tolerance to caffeine-induced
locomotor stimulation, cerebral electrical activity,
reinforcement thresholds for electrical brain
stimulation, schedule-controlled response
maintained by presentation of food, and electric
shock and thresholds for seizures induced by
caffeine or N -methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) has
been described.

CAFFEINE
 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Caffeine Use Disorder is not a listed Diagnosis in the DSM V as there is no suggested
set of symptoms to be used in diagnosis. However, all of these three symptoms must be
presented if a diagnosis must be made.

1, An ongoing desire or non- successful attempt to curtail its use.

2, Continuous use despite harm.

3, withdrawal symptoms are present.

Consuming large amounts of caffeine can lead to caffeine intoxication, a condition that
is listed in DSM 5 and which poses a significant health threat. The DSM 5 says thst
consumption in excess of 250mg is needed to define caffeine intoxication.

CAFFEINE
 TREATMENT

1. Therapy: Some potential topics that may be covered by a therapist for caffeine
addiction include:
a. Caffeine addiction would be addressed as part of general substance abuse
counseling.
b. Education about caffeine, and other substance abuse treatment may be
concurrent.
c. Education about general good health habits, and proper nutrition.
d. Sleep hygiene, which are practices to ensure a good night’s sleep. Part of this is
avoiding caffeine within three to six hours of bedtime

CAFFEINE
 PREVENTION CAFFEINE DEPENDENCE

It’s not safe for everyone to have caffeine in their diet. Ask your healthcare provider how much is ok for your
unique body. You may want to avoid caffeine if you:
○ Have any sleep disorder, like insomnia.
○ Have ulcers or gerd.
○ Are pregnant.
○ Are breastfeeding.
○ Have migraines or chronic headaches.
○ Have high blood pressure.
○ Take certain stimulants, antibiotics, asthma medicines and heart medicines these medications can
have interactions with caffeine.
○ Are a child or teenager.
○ Have anxiety.
○ Have a fast or irregular heartbeat.
 PREVENTION CAFFEINE DEPENDENCE(contd)

● The user should cut down slowly on the amount of caffeine in his/her diet.
However, they should not make the mistake of stopping totally as they will likely
experience withdrawal symptoms and go back to drinking coffee or soda or taking
a headache medication with caffeine in it to make the symptoms disappear. This
starts the dependency cycle all over again. Avoiding the withdrawal symptoms is
one of the most common reasons why people continue their caffeine habit.
REHABILITATIO
N
&
 REHABILITATION PROCESS FOR NICOTINE AND
CAFFEINE ADDICTION

FOUR STEPS OF THE REHABILITATION PROCESS.

Here are the four key component of the substance abuse treatment:

1. Assessment: this stage centers around tailoring a treatment plan for the individual patient based on
type, length and severity of his or her addiction, as well as any unique challenges that they face (such as
co-occurring mental disorders or domestic abuse).
2. Detox: during this phase, the goal is to eliminate the body’s dependence on the substance(s) and
manage the symptoms of withdrawal.
3. Therapy: the third stage uncovers and treat the underlying cause(s) of the addiction, and gives the
addicts tools to overcome their addiction.
4. Aftercare: the purpose of the last phase is to facilitate the transition into programs that will help to
continue the lifelong process of recovery by building on the treatment received in the previous steps and
preventing relapses.
THANKS!