ENGLISH 10

ONLINE
KAMUSTAH
AN
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QUARTER 2
MELC 1
Observe the language of research, campaigns,
and advocacies

Enabling Competency
Use words and expressions that affirm or negate
Observe correct grammar in making definitions
 LANGUAGE OF 3

RESEARCH,
CAMPAIGNS AND
ADVOCACIES
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CAMPAIGNS
• usually social or political in nature, is technically defined
as a planned set of activities that people
carry out to attain a certain goal or objective.
• A campaign speech, basically, is a well-planned speaking
activity that aims to excite, persuade, and/or motivate
listeners convincing them to adhere to the speaker’s
ideas.
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ADVOCACY
• refers to activities that argue, plead, support, or favor a certain
cause. Various causes for advocacy usually aim to influence
decision making especially with issues involving social,
political, environmental and economic perspectives.
• While advocacy may be similar to campaign in some points,
advocacy speeches present strong points that may either
support or contradict existing policies and legal mandates on
specific topics or issues.
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Language Features
Language features literary means analyzing language.
Language feature helps you to understand what the writer
is saying.
The writer usually uses different language techniques to
convey his message. Further, the writers use techniques
such as figures of speech, sentence structure, tone, and
word choice.
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Literary techniques
Techniques are used by writers as an attempt to make the
reader think in a certain way. These techniques can be used
to intrigue, inspire, persuade or simply convey information
to the reader.
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Here are some of the language features or

language devices usually employed in
persuasive writing.
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Emotive Language.
✖ Emotive language is the deliberate choice of words to
elicit emotion (usually to influence).
✖ Ideas can be expressed in a way that is positive or
negative or welcoming or threatening. It all depends on
the words selected. Look at this example:
The victims were executed in cold blood.
The men were killed.
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Modal verbs
✖ Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs (also called helping
verbs) like can, will, could, shall, must, would, might,
and should. After a modal verb, the root form of a verb
is generally used. The word “to” should not appear
after a modal verb.
✖ An exception is the phrase ought to, which is
considered a modal verb.
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Modal
ity

https://7esl.com/modal-verbs/
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INVOLVING THE READER

✖ This is done through the use of personal pronouns like
you, your, we, our, and indicative words like together.

✖ Using these words establishes a connection between

the author and the reader. This way, the issue is made
personal and more important to the reader.
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Rhetorical Questions
✖ A rhetorical question can be "an effective persuasive device,
subtly influencing the kind of response one wants to get
from an audience" - (Edward P.J. Corbett)
✖ A rhetorical question is a question that's asked for effect with
no answer expected. The answer may be immediately
provided by the questioner or obvious.
○ The question may have an obvious answer
○ The question may not have an answer
○ The question may be answered immediately by the questioner
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Rhetorical Questions
Rhetorical questions with obvious answers are asked about well-known facts, or
the answer is suggested based on the question's context. They are used to
emphasizes an idea or point:
○ Are you kidding me?
○ Can birds fly?
○ Is the Pope catholic?
○ Who knows?
Rhetorical questions which have no answers:
○ Who cares?
○ What's the meaning of life?
○ How many times do I have to tell you not to...?
○ Why me?
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Rhetorical Questions
"Are we a nation that tolerates the hypocrisy of a system
where workers who pick our fruit and make our beds never
have a chance to get right with the law? Are we a nation that
accepts the cruelty of ripping children from their parents'
arms? Or are we a nation that values families, and works to
keep them together?"
- Obama's Immigration Address
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Using Evidence
This involves the use of facts, figures, or quotes from experts
to highlight the writer’s authority and make the arguments
presented more convincing.
Evidence can be separated into two categories, primary and secondary sources.
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Using Evidence
Among the forms of evidence you might draw from are:
○ Graphs, charts, tables, or figures
○ Statistics
○ Experiments or studies done by peer-reviewed sources
○ Surveys conducted by reputable sources
○ Interviews
○ Quotes or paraphrases from primary sources
○ Quotes or paraphrases from secondary sources
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Repetition
Repetition is a literary device that involves intentionally using a word or
phrase for effect, two or more times in a speech or written work.

For repetition to be noticeable, the words or phrases should be repeated

within close proximity of each other.

Repeating the same words or phrases in a literary work of poetry or prose

can bring clarity to an idea and/or make it memorable for the reader.
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Repetition
Many common phrases in conversation and writing contain repetition.
Here are some familiar examples of repetition:
Time after time
○ Heart to heart Smile, smile, smile at your mind as
often as possible.
○ Boys will be boys Alone, alone at last
○ Hand in hand Now you see me; now you don’t
○ Get ready; get set; go Rain, rain go away
○ Hour to hour All for one and one for all
○ Sorry, not sorry It is what it is
○ Over and over
○ Home sweet home
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Famous Examples of Repetition

Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day. Teach a man to fish and you
feed him for a lifetime. (Proverb)

The sad truth is that the truth is sad. (Lemony Snicket)

And that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall
not perish from the earth (Gettysburg Address)

https://literarydevices.net/repetition/
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Adjectives and Adverbs

Using carefully selected adjectives and adverbs
makes it possible for the writer to influence how the readers feel.

An adjective is a part of speech that describes and modifies a noun, to make a writing or conversation
more specific, relevant, and coherent.

The principal function of an adverb is to modify verbs and verb phrases. In this way, it can provide
information in relation with time, place, frequency, certainty, manner, and other circumstance. An adverb
also intensifies meanings of words it modifies. It does so by emphasizing the words, intensifying their
meanings, and toning down the feelings they carry.
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There are eight basic types of in modern
writing:

Descriptive adjective – refers to or describes a noun or a pronoun. For instance, “Adrian is a

witty“

Demonstrative adjective – is an adjective that points towards a specific person, place, or

thing within a sentence. It is similar to a demonstrative pronoun. For instance, “These bananas
are tasty.”

Possessive adjective – also known as a “possessive determiner,” the possessive adjective

refers to the words that modify nouns by showing a sense of possession of, or belonging to, a
person or thing. This type is similar to a possessive pronoun. For instance, “She has sold her.”
 There are eight basic types of in modern 23

writing:
Interrogative adjective – poses a question, and comes before a noun. The interrogative
adjective is similar to interrogative pronoun. For instance, “Which game are you playing?”
Predictive adjective – follows a linking verb, and modifies its subject. For instance, “That
girl is beautiful.”
Superlative adjective – expresses a greater increase or decrease in quality. The superlative
adjective gives readers the supreme values of a noun. For instance, “David is the smallest of all
the students.”
Comparative adjective – compares two objects, things, or persons in a sentence. For
instance, “The son is taller than the father.”
Personal title adjective – uses a title, such as Master, Mr. ,Miss, Uncle, Grandmother, Lord,
Professor, Doctor, and so on. For instance, “You can visit Dr. John tonight.”
 Depending upon the meanings, 24

there are seven types of adverbs, which are

given below:
Adverb of Time – informs about when the action occurs, such as in “She never tells me
anything,” the word “never” is adverb of time.

Adverb of Place – informs about where the action occurs, such as in “Tulips grow
everywhere,” the word “everywhere” is an adverb of place.

Adverb of Manner – informs about how the action occurs, such as in “The cat walked
stealthily,” the word “stealthily” is an adverb of manner.

Adverb of Degree – informs about to what extent an action has occurred, such as in “He
trapped her more cleverly,” the phrase “more cleverly” is an adverb of both manner and degree .
 Depending upon the meanings, 25

there are seven types of adverbs, which are

given below:
Adverb of Condition – informs about a certain condition that is required before the action occurs. It
often begins with ‘unless’ or ‘if,’ such as in “If the trains come, we will arrange the function,” the phrase “If
the train comes” is an adverb of condition.

Adverb of Concession – makes a contrast with the main idea. It begins with a subordinating conjunction,
such as though, while, even, if, whereas, and although. For instance, in “Although your face looks in odd
shape, you are undoubtedly beautiful,” the word “although” is an adverb of concession.

Adverb of Reason – provides a reason about the main idea. It begins with a subordinating conjunction,
such as because, as, since, or given. For instance, in “I cannot open the door because I lost the keys,” the
word “because” is an adverb of reason.
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Association

This technique tries to link an object or an idea

with something already liked or desired by the
target audience such as wealth, success,
pleasure, and security
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bandwagon
Bandwagon is a persuasive technique and a type of propaganda through which a
writer persuades his readers, so that the majority could agree with the argument of
the writer.

○ He does this by suggesting that, since the majority agrees, the reader
should too. For instance, “Everyone is voting for David, so definitely he
is the best presidential candidate,” is intended to convince others.

○ The term bandwagon means, to “jump on the bandwagon,” to follow what

others are doing, or to conform.
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EXPERTS
This means relying on expert advice from trusted people like
doctors, scientists, and other professionals for things that the
audience do not know.

The idea that these experts are risking their credibility to

support an object or idea makes the persuasion more
effective.
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EXPERTS
This means relying on expert advice from trusted people like
doctors, scientists, and other professionals for things that the
audience do not know.

The idea that these experts are risking their credibility to

support an object or idea makes the persuasion more
effective.
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LET’S TRY
THIS!
On a piece of paper, write what persuasive technique
that is used for each number.
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1.“They had eaten it during a

weekend trip to the high country
and died horribly.”
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2. That ends this strange eventful history,

Is second childishness and mere oblivion;
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans
everything.
All the world is a stage – William Shakespeare
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3. “It was a frightfully hot day. We’d

jammed an absolutely perfect
barricade across the bridge. It was
simply priceless.”
In Our Time (by Earnest Hemingway)
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4. “If you prick us, do we not bleed?

If you tickle us, do we not laugh?
If you poison us, do we not die?
And if you wrong us, shall we not
revenge?”
The Merchant of Venice (By William Shakespeare)
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5. “I had scarcely reached the stairs

when I observed a hideous form. A
little, short, broad, bow-legged
individual with long arms and a short,
wizened face.”
Thank You, Jeeves (by P.G. Wodehouse)
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6. “According to the Australian

Bureau of Statistics, males are 400
per cent more likely to commit an
offence intended to cause injury than
are females.”
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7. “It has been well established here

and overseas that if teenagers think
they can see a doctor in confidence,
they are more likely to do so, more
likely to go back for repeat visits, and
more likely to disclose sensitive
information.”
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8. Teenagers are becoming more

rebellious as they enter childhood,
says child psychologist Jean Marie.
Amy Leach
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9. “You’re out of order! You’re out of

order! The whole trial is out of order!
They’re out of order!”
(And Justice for All)
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10. Which of the following statements

is the best bandwagon definition?
A. An effect in which the rate of uptake of beliefs, ideas,
fads and trends increases the more that they have already
been adopted by others.
B. The incorrect belief that separate, independent events
can affect the likelihood of another random event.
C. An argument based on misrepresentation of an
opponent’s position.
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Thank you dear learners!

Stay safe!