Electric Motors

DR. P.R.THAKURA EEE BIT Mesra Ranchi

CONTENT
Introduction Types of electric motors

Introduction
What is an Electric Motor?
Electromechanical device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy Mechanical energy used to e.g.
Rotate pump impeller, fan, blower Drive compressors Lift materials

Motors in industry: 70% of electrical load

How Does an Electric Motor Work?

An electric current in a magnetic field will experience a force. If the current carrying wire is bent into a loop, then the two sides of the loop, which are at right angle to the magnetic field, will experience forces in opposite directions. The pair of forces creates a turning torque to rotate the coil. (note: a torque is the force that causes the rotation) Practical motors have several loops on an armature to provide a more uniform torque and the magnetic field is produced by electromagnet arrangement called the field coils
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Three types of Motor Load

Motor loads Constant torque loads Description Output power varies but torque is constant Examples Conveyors, rotary kilns, constant-displacement pumps

Variable torque loads

Torque varies with square of operation speed

Centrifugal pumps, fans

Constant power loads

Torque changes inversely with speed

Machine tools

Type of Electric Motors

Classification of Motors
Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Motors

Direct Current (DC) Motors

Synchronous

Induction

Separately Excited

Self Excited

Single-Phase

Three-Phase

Series

Compound

Shunt

AC Motors
AC motors convert AC electrical energy to Mechanical energy.

 Consider the rotor to be a permanent magnet. Current flowing through conductors energize the magnets and develop N and S poles. The strength of electromagnets depends on current. First half cycle current flows in one direction. Second half cycle it flows in opposite direction.

Effects of AC Supply on Magnetic Poles

As AC voltage changes, the poles alternate.

Using AC Supply to Make an Elementary Motor (1)

Consider the AC voltage at 0 degrees, then, no current will flow, and there is no magnetism.

Using AC Supply to Make an Elementary Motor (2)

As voltage increases, current starts to flow and electromagnets gain strength and North and South poles appear. (Use left hand rule to find poles). The rotor magnet is pushed CW, and the rotor and motor starts to rotate.

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Using AC Supply to Make an Elementary Motor (3)

When voltage decreases, the current decreases also, the electromagnet loses the strength, and when V=0 there is no magnetism.

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Using AC Supply to Make an Elementary Motor (4)

Now, AC voltage builds up as part of the negative cycle. Then, current flows in opposite direction, and the magnets reverse polarity. Therefore, the CW rotation continues.

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Using AC Supply to Make an Elementary Motor (5)

This process is repeated over and over, as AC voltage goes through its cycles, and we have continuous rotation.

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AC Motor Rotation The whole picture

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Practical AC Motor
By adding another pair of electromagnets the limitation mentioned before is removed. Two electromagnets = Vertical & Horizontal Two phases with phase difference = 90 deg.

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Effect of Two Pole-Pairs

(Observe the pole rotation)

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Operation of the Practical AC Motor

CCW rotation

Can you see it?

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Magnetic Poles Revolve in AC Motors

From the previous slide we can see that the poles rotate around the circumference of the motor. The rotor, no matter how it is positioned at rest, will be locked-in with the magnetic field and will turn in one direction only. (Same rotation as the poles).

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Phase Splitting Method (1)

So, two voltage sources with 90 degree phase connected to electromagnets make the rotor turn. Question is: Can we do the same using only one voltage source?

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Phase Splitting Method (2)

The answer is yes! Because we can use inductors and capacitors to produce a voltage out of phase with the source!

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Reactor Start AC Motor (One phase + Inductor)

Two parallel branches connected to the power supply. First branch: Start winding through a centrifugal switch. Second branch: Run winding (through an inductor). The current in the second branch lags the current in the first branch (Remember ELI ). This phase difference makes motor work.

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Capacitor Start AC Motor (One phase + Capacitor)

Here the capacitor provides the phase difference. The difference is that the current in the star winding leads the current in the run winding (ICE). Similar effect as with the inductor, but it creates a motor with higher starting power. Refrigerators, compressors, air conditioners

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AC Motors
Electrical current reverses direction Two parts: stator and rotor
Stator: stationary electrical component Rotor: rotates the motor shaft

Speed difficult to control Two types

Synchronous motor Induction motor

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Motor Construction The Stator

The stator forms a hollow cylinder with coils of insulated wire inserted into slots of the stator core. The coils, plus the steel core form the electromagnets.

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Motor Construction The Rotor

There are two types of motor rotors: The wound rotor The squirrel cage The wound rotor has coils of wire wound in the slots of the rotor (Similar to generator coils). The Squirrel cage consists of bars of copper or aluminum electrically connected at each end with conducting rings.
As the rotor rotates inside a magnetic field, it receives electromagnetic induction, then current flows and form the rotor electromagnet.

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Types of Motor Enclosures

1. ODP Open Drip Proof

2.

TENV Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilating

3.

TEFC Totally enclosed Fan Cooled

4.

XP Explosion Proof

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Types of Motor Enclosures

ODP Open Drip Proof Air flows through motor (fan blades help flow) Used in environments free from contaminants

TENV Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilating Protect motor from corrosive and harmful elements Frame fins help to dissipate heat

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AC Motor Data Plate

Each motor has a plate mounted on its frame, with electrical and

mechanical information.

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AC MOTOR

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Classification of AC motor

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AC Motors Synchronous motor

Constant speed fixed by system frequency DC for excitation and low starting torque: suited for low load applications Can improve power factor: suited for high electricity use systems Synchronous speed (Ns):

Ns = 120 f / P

F = supply frequency P = number of poles

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AC Motors Induction motor

Most common motors in industry Advantages:
Simple design Inexpensive (half or less of the cost of a DC motor) High power to weight ratio Easy to maintain (about twice that of a DC motor) Direct connection to AC power source

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Components

Rotor
Squirrel cage: conducting bars in parallel slots Wound rotor: 3-phase, double-layer, distributed winding

Stator
Stampings with slots to carry 3-phase windings Wound for definite number of poles

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How induction motors work?

Electricity supplied to stator Magnetic field generated that moves around rotor Current induced in rotor Rotor produces second magnetic field that opposes stator magnetic field Rotor begins to rotate
Electromagnetics

Rotor Stator

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Classification of Induction Motor

Single-phase induction motor
One stator winding Single-phase power supply Squirrel cage rotor Require device to start motor 3 to 4 HP applications Household appliances: fans, washing machines, dryers

Three-phase induction motor

Three-phase supply produces magnetic field Squirrel cage or wound rotor Self-starting High power capabilities 1/3 to hundreds HP applications: pumps, compressors, conveyor belts, grinders 70% of motors in industry!
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 Speed and slip Motor never runs at synchronous speed but lower base speed Difference between synchronous speed and base speed is slip Slip ring can be Installed to avoid slip , and these motor are called slip ring motors. Calculate % slip:
% Slip = Ns Nb x 100 Ns
Ns = synchronous speed in RPM Nb = base speed in RPM

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Relationship load, speed and

At start: high current and low pull-up torque

At 80% of full torque speed: highest pullout torque and current drops

At full speed: torque and stator current are zero

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Speed Control of Induction Motor

Multi-speed motors
Limited speed control: 2 4 fixed speeds

Wound rotor motor drives

Specifically constructed motor Variable resistors to control torque performance >300 HP most common

Direct Current Drives

Oldest form of electrical speed control Consists of DC motor: field windings and armature Controller: regulates DC voltage to armature that controls motor speed Tacho-generator: gives feedback signal to controlled
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Improve Power Factor (PF)

Use capacitors for induction motors Benefits of improved PF
Reduced kVA Reduced losses Improved voltage regulation Increased efficiency of plant electrical system

Capacitor size not >90% of no-load kVAR of motor

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Maintenance
Checklist to maintain motor efficiency
Inspect motors regularly for wear, dirt/dust Checking motor loads for over/under loading Lubricate appropriately Check alignment of motor and equipment Ensure supply wiring and terminal box and properly sized and installed Provide adequate ventilation

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