ATOMS

Ions and Molecules

General Chemistry 1
Birth of Atomic Theory
During the 4th century
BCE, a Greek
Philosopher named
Democritus had the
idea that all matter
was consisted of
minute particles. He
named and coined
these minute particles
as "atomos" which
means indivisible
Democritus’s Atomic Theory
"Matter could not be
divided into smaller
and smaller pieces
forever and
eventually, the
smallest possible
piece would be
obtained."
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
John Dalton, a
scientist, who
provided precise and
detailed description of
the building blocks of
matter. During the
19th century, he
formulated the atomic
theory.
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. An element is made up of extremely small, indestructible
particles called the atom.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical while atoms of
different elements are non-identical.
3..Compounds are made up of atoms of more than one type of
element. The ratio of the number of atoms of any two
elements present is either an integer or a simple fraction.
4.. In any chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged to produce
different substances. The identity and the mass of the atoms
are unchanged.
Three Fundamental Laws of Matter
Dalton did not attempt to describe the structure
of an atom. Regardless of the nature and
structure, the overall behavior of atom explained
the three fundamental laws of matter.

1. The Law of Definite Proportions or

Constant Composition
2.. The Law of Multiple Proportions
3.. The Law of Conservation of Mass
The Law of Definite Proportions
This law states that different samples of the
same compound always contain its constituent
element in the same proportion by mass.
The Law of Multiple Proportions
This law states that if two elements can combine
to form more than one compound, the masses
of one element that combine with a fixed mass
of the other element are in ratios of small whole
numbers.
The Law of Conservation of Mass
This law states that matter can neither be
created nor destroyed.
Structure of an Atom
The atom, as
described by the
atomic theory, is the
basic unit of an
element that can take
part in a chemical
reaction.
It is consisted of three
subatomic particles:
electrons, protons and
neutrons.
 
 
 
 
 
 
Atom
An atom contains a nucleus composed of
protons and neutrons and electrons moving
around the nucleus.
There are two ways two describe an atom
quantitatively based on the number of specific
subatomic particles: the atomic number and the
mass number.
Atomic Number
The atomic number is the number of protons in
the nucleus of each atom of an element.
In a neutral atom, the number of protons is
equal to the number of electrons, so the atomic
number also indicates the number of electrons
present in the atom.
The chemical identity of an atom can be
determined solely from its atomic number.
Mass Number
▪  
Standard Notation
▪  

X element symbol
A mass number
Z atomic number
e charge
 Standard Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of
Element Name
Notation Number Number Proton Electron Neutron

23 12
35 80
20 20
7 7 7
18 40
Isotopes
Atoms of a given element do not all have the
same mass. Most elements have two or more
isotopes, meaning atoms that have the same
atomic number but different mass numbers.
Stable Isotopes – do not undergo radioactivity
and do not disintegrate. They are abundant in
nature.
Unstable Isotopes – exhibit radioactivity. They
can be natural or artificial..
 Common Isotopes and Their Uses
▪  
 Common Isotopes and Their Uses
▪  
 Common Isotopes and Their Uses
▪  
Periodic Table of Elements
The periodic table is a chart in which elements
having similar chemical and physical properties
are grouped together by categorizing elements
using groups and periods.
Groups – or families, vertical columns, share a
common number valence electrons.
Periods – horizontal rows, share the highest
unexcited electron energy level.
 Element Groups

Group 1 1A alkali metals lithium family

Group 2 2A alkali earth metals beryllium family
Group 3 3B transition metals scandium family
Group 4 4B transition metals titanium family
Group 5 5B transition metals vanadium family
Group 6 6B transition metals chromium family
 Element Groups

Group 7 7B transition metals manganese family

Group 8 8B transition metals iron family
Group 9 8B transition metals cobalt family
Group 10 8B transition metals nickel family
Group 111B transition metals copper family
Group 12 2B transition metals zinc family
 Element Groups

Group 13 3A icosagens boron family

Group 14 4A crystallogens carbon family
Group 15 5A pnictogens nitrogen family
Group 16 6A chalcogens oxygen family
Group 17 7A halogens fluorine family
Group 18 8A noble gases helium family
Molecules
A molecule is a formation of at least two atoms
in a definite arrangement held together by
chemical forces known as chemical bonds.
It may contain atoms of the same element or
atoms of two or more elements joined in a fixed
ratio (law of definite proportions).
Like atoms, molecules are neutral in charge.
Types of Molecules
▪  
Ions
An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has a
net charge: positive or negative.
The number of positively charged protons in the
nucleus of an atom remains the same during
ordinary chemical reactions but negatively
charged electrons may be lost or gain.
Ions
cation – an ion with a positive charge: if a
neutral atom loses one or more electrons

anion – an ion with a negative charge: if a

neutral atom gains one or more electrons
Ions

  11 protons   11 protons
11 10
electrons electrons
  17 protons   17 protons
17 18
electrons electrons
Ions
▪  
Chemical Formulas
Chemical formulas are used to express the
composition of molecules and compounds in
terms of chemical symbols.
molecular formula – shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance
empirical formulas – shows which elements are
present and the simplest whole number ratio of
their atoms
 Molecular Empirical
Compound Name
Formula Formula

Dihydrogen dioxide
Water
Glucose
Ethanol
Ethane
Formula of Ionic Compounds
The formula of ionic compounds are usually the
same as their empirical formulas because ionic
compounds do not consist of discrete molecular
units.
The sum of charges on the cation and anion in
each formula unit must be zero.
The subscript of the cation is equal to the
charge on the anion and the subscript of the
anion is equal to the charge on the cation.
Cation Anion Total Charge Formula
Naming Compounds
Compounds can be classified into two based on
their element compositions:
Organic compounds – essentially having carbon
atoms in the structure together with other atoms
and shows covalent bonding.
Inorganic compounds – essentially not having
carbon atoms, shows ionic bonding, and can be
categorized into four: ionic compounds,
molecular compounds, acids and bases, and
Ionic Compounds
▪  
Binary Compounds
Many ionic compounds are binary compounds,
compounds formed from just two elements.

For the binary compounds, the first element

named is the metal cation and followed by
nonmetallic anion with added “-ide”.
Monoatomic Anions
Cation Anion Chemical Formula Compound Name
Ternary Compounds
▪  
Cation Anion Chemical Formula Compound Name
Transition Metals Ions
▪  
Transition Metals Ions
Older nomenclature is used to name cations
with same atom but differ in amount of (+)
charges.

ending with “-ous” for fewer (+) charges

ending with “-ic” for greater (+) charge
Metal Cation Cation Common Name
Cation Anion Chemical Formula Compound Name
Stock System
Using stock system, roman numerals are being
used to indicate the number of (+) charges.

I has one (+) charge

II has two (+) charges
III has three (+) charges
. ..
. ..
Metal Cation Cation Systematic Name
Cation Anion Chemical Formula Compound Name
Chemical
Trivial Name Systematic Name
Formula
THANK YOU!
END