POPULATION

DYNAMICS
Population Dynamics

Demography (demos = population, graphy = to study) is the

branch of science which deals with the study of human
population. An accurate idea of the vital events like crude
death rate, birth rate and the changing pattern of
population is of paramount importance for a nation. From
this information, the national plan outlay is formulated and
the impact of the healthcare delivery system in a given
period of time is evaluated.
Population Dynamics

POPULATION DYNAMICS: The population is not static but is always

in a dynamic state. The factors involved in population dynamics are-
(1) deaths; (2) births; and (3) migration. Ever since the second half
of the 20th century, there has been a substantial fall in crude death
rate throughout the developing world. Eradication of epidemics
such as smallpox and, to some extents of malaria and kala-azar, and
improvement of healthcare delivery system are some of the factors
responsible for reduction of crude death rate.
Population Dynamics
There has been only a marginal fall in the birth rate throughout
the years. It is this disparity between the death rate and birth
rate which results in the rapid rise of population. This is
especially pronounced in the developing countries comprising
about 70% of the total world population. The problem becomes
intensified by the dynamic migration of population from one
state to the other or amongst different parts of the same state,
e.g. rural to urban.
Magnitude of the problem

The total world population is estimated to be about 7.55

billion in mid-2017. Earlier in the last century, the rate of
increase of population was about 10 million per year. It
is now increasing at a much faster rate of 1 billion per
year. If the rate of increase continues at the same pace,
the projected population would be 9.77 billion in 2050.
Magnitude of the problem
India, with 2.5% of the world's land surface area, has to
accommodate about 17.7% of the world population and is the
second most populous country in the world, next to China.
Moreover, it is not uniformly distributed. The density of the
population is 300 per sq. kilometer. Currently due to decrease in
death rate and increase in birth rate there is rapid rise in population.
One can have an idea of the magnitude of population explosion
from the following. In India, during the period 1991-2001, the
population increase was to the extent of 160 million.
Magnitude of the problem
This increase in population per year is almost equal to the total
population of Australia with a land area 2.5 times more than
that of India. As the rate of population growth continues
unabated, India's population has reached 1,342 million in mid-
2017 and the projected population in 2050, 1,705 million when
India would be the world's most populous country exceeding
that of China.
Impact of increased population

The rapid increase of population has got an adverse

effect on the national economy. The fruits of
improvements in the different sectors are being
eroded by the growing population. Moreover,
increasing number of births has got a deleterious
effect on the health of the mother and the child and
hinders social and economic upliftment of the family.
Impact of increased population

High parity is also related to increased maternal, perinatal

and infant deaths and is associated with various obstetric
and gynecological complications and nutritional problems.
For these reasons, population control by appropriate
family welfare program is considered to be a branch of
preventive and community medicine. Considering the
magnitude of the problem, many developing countries,
India in particular, have taken this as a national program of
vital importance.
Thank you
FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION
Family life Education is an education in values and relationships.
The individual lives in a family or community of persons where
life consists of a series of inter- relationships.
It is preparing young people to live a full and harmonious life by
giving them the knowledge and skills to develop satisfying and
stable relationships and a sound system of values.
Definition
“Family life education refers to those educational
concepts and experiences that influence attitudes
towards family living, personal relationships and
sexual development”
(Dept. of Education, Virginia)
● Family life Education is a broad and flexible field.
● It contributes to the total growth and well being of the
family – physical, mental, emotional, economic and spiritual
–can be included under the umbrella of family life
education.
● family life education has its roots in many disciplines
including sociology, social work, psychology, anthropology,
biology, Education, history.
Aims of Family Life Education
● Family Life Education aims to supplement the education given by
the family, especially by the parents in the home.
● It aims to develop a good character or personality in the growing
adolescent.
● It seeks to provide the youth with a good moral and spiritual code,
conducive to health living.
● Wherever parents abdicate their responsibility due to various
reasons, Family life Education will seeks to fill this gap in the
school or college.
● Whenever needed and feasible, parent education through
counseling and other means can be attempted.
Family Life cycle
1. Bearing families : The married partners are learning
to live with each other for the first time. Differences are
found to appear from time to time and couple should
iron them out and establish meaningful marriage.
2. Child bearing families: Couples enter first
conception. With the Coming of a child, finance,
leisure time, entertainment, privacy will change.
Proper child care becomes important. Attention is
diverted or shared between new comer and the
spouse.
3.Families with pre-school children:
Parents need to cater for the critical needs and
interests of pre-school children to stimulate their growth
and development. By this time parents think about the
question of having or not having more children.
4. Families with school children: Families with school
going children have to pay attention to the child’s
education and growth needs. The parents are also
expected to collaborate with the demands and
expectations of the school in helping the child in
studies and in development aspects.
5.Families with adolescents: Adolescents have special
problems that need the help of parents and this stage
can be very crucial for them and their children. As the
teenagers approach adulthood parents must ensure a
balance between freedom and responsibility by
helping their children to plan and then to execute the
plans will be beneficial and productive in various life
situations.
6. Families as launching centers: After the young
adults have gone into work or studies, parents begin
to feel a certain sense of loneliness. It is often
referred to as ‘the empty nest syndrome’. At the same
time they also have the need to maintain a supportive
home base for the children.
7. Families in the middle years: This is a trying time
for a couple who have to adjust to a different life again
away from the children and away from work. At this
stage that hobbies are developed earlier in life can
keep their occupied during the time after retirement.
8. Families in the late years: The family members need to
learn to cope with problem and living alone at this stage.
Society’s expectations will keep children away from the
concerns of aged parents very often helpers like home
nurses may have to provide the required services to the
parents.
Thus Family Life Education helps for full and harmonious
family life. It helps the person with a problem in the family
and to other members to accept the person as he/she is
Thank you
Information education and communication (IEC)

Information Education and Communication is an

approach which attempts to change or reinforce a set
of behaviour in a target audience regarding a specific
problem in a predefined period of time.
 DEFINITION
IEC can be defined as “an approach which attempts to change or
set of behaviours in a target audience regarding a specific
problem in a predefined period of time.”
Reproductive health and research, WHO
● INFORMATION is define as one or more statement or fact that
are received by a human which have some form of worth to
him.
● EDUCATION is the process by which behavioural changes takes
place in an individual as a result of experience which he has
undergone.
● COMMUNICATION is the process of attempting to change the
behaviour of others. Helps people to learn to look at things in a
new way by sharing ideas and information.
OBJECTIVES OF IEC
● Increase reach of services .
● Improve the quality of services.
● Make supervision more oriented towards problem solving.
● Link supervision with training at various level.
● Concentrate on local field problems both for development of training
material and their users.
● Combine interpersonal communication strategy with mass media
approach.
● Improve performance level through continuous with village community
volunteers.
PLANNING AN IEC STRATEGY

● IEC success when it is planned with a comprehensive strategy.

● Gain knowledge and incorporate community tradition.
● It should be cost effective.
● Give emphasis on long term capacity building.
● Know the community traditions
● Plan for any type of reward, if learn new behaviour in a best manner.
● Plan for creation of such message that are salient, action oriented and
attractive.
● Always emphasis positive behaviour change.
IMPLEMENTING A STRATEGY
● Support of community leaders.
● Involve the target audience actively in the design, implementation and
monitoring of project.
● Establish linkage with traditional healers, local NGO’s and local support
groups.
● The interaction between health care providers at all levels and client is an
important elements for successful IEC intervention.
● Use various broadcast and channels including television, radio, print and
traditional media in order to achieve maximum impact.
● Listen to local language, customs and experiences.
● Use logos and symbols according to need and understanding.
● E.g RED RIBBON symbolizes the international HIV/AIDS, while the
WHITE RIBBON raises awareness about safe pregnancy and childhood.
● Anticipate trouble and develop a crisis communication plan.
● Simple and inexpensive print materials can be more cost effective.
PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTING
STRATEGIES
● Support of community leaders
● Involve target audience
● Establish linkage and relationships with NGO
and others Interactions between health
workers and clients
RESOURCES FOR IEC
★ Print media
★ Mass media
★ Television
★ Radio
★ Internet
IEC IN NURSING
1.AT INDIVIDUAL LEVEL :
● Provides opportunity to develop personality,
knowledge, skills and confidence.
● It increase awareness.
● Reinforcement to sustain behavioural change.
● Communication is very important in nursing practice.
2.AT COMMUNITY LEVEL
The role of a nurse in family planning programs with IEC
are:
★ Informing,
★ Persuading,
★ Motivating,
★ Encouraging
Thank you
ADVANCEMENT IN
FAMILY PLANNING
FAMILY PLANNING
• A way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily,
upon the basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible
decisions by individuals and couples, in order to
promote the health and welfare of the family group and
thus contribute effectively to the social
development of a country.
OBJECTIVES

● To avoid unwanted births

● To bring about wanted births

● To regulate the intervals between pregnancies

● To control the time at which births occur in relation to the ages of the parent ; and

● To determine the number of children in the family

Modern concept of family planning
● The proper spacing and limitation of births.
● Advice on sterility,
● Education for parenthood.
● Sex education
● Screening for pathological conditions related reproductive system,
● Genetic counseling
● Premarital consultation and examination,
● Carrying out pregnancy tests,
● Marriage counseling,
● The preparation of couples for the arrival of their child,
● Providing services for unmarried mothers,
● Teaching home economics and nutrition,
● Providing adoption services
Contraceptive Methods

IDEAL CONTRACEPTIVE

● Safe
● Acceptable
● Reversible
● Effective Inexpensive
● Simple to administer
● Independent of coitus
● Long lasting to avoid frequent administration
● Requiring little or no medical supervision
Classification of contraceptive
I. SPACING METHODS
methods
Barrier Intrauterine Post
Hormonal
Methods Devices
Methods
Conceptional Miscellaneous
Methods

Physical
Methods

Chemical II. TERMINAL METHODS

Methods
Combined
Methods
Female Male
sterilization sterilization
 Male Hormonal Contraception Methods
Androgen formulations available for possible incorporation into a male hormonal contraceptive regimen

Testosterone undecanoate

Dose interval- Oral, twice daily

Potential concern- Twice daily dosing, short and variable

duration

17α-Methyltestosterone

Dose interval- Oral, daily

Potential concern- Liver toxicity