UMTS

Introduction and WCDMA Channels

GSM Radio Access Network

Core Network

A/Gb

BSC BSC
Abis

BTS BTS BTS

Um MS

WCDMA Radio Access Network

Core Network
Iu= Iu Iu PS - Gb Iu CS - A Core Network UTRAN Iur

RNC

RNC
Iub
NodeB

Uu
NodeB NodeB

UE

RN Interfaces
Iu
Iu PS Connection to the packet switched core network domain SGSN/GGSN Iu CS Connection to the circuit switched core network domain MSC Protocol RANAP

Iur
RNC interconnection for SHO support Protocol RNSAP

Core Network

Iu

Iub
Protocol NBAP

Uu
Protocol RRC, RLC, MAC
RNC

Iur

RNC

Iub
NodeB

Uu
NodeB NodeB

UE

Comparison, GSM - WCDMA

GSM
Neighbor cell planning (BCCH/BSIC planning) 8 timeslots, repetition pattern 4.6 ms 200 kHz carrier separation Frequency Hopping Power Control Hard (non-continuous) handover Timeslot based Admission

WCDMA
Neighbor cell definitions/Scrambling code planning Channels(/users) are separated by different codes 5 MHz carrier separation Fast Power Control Soft/Softer Handover Admission Control Congestion Control

Codes in WCDMA
Codes are used for two purposes:
Differentiate channels and users Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

Spreading code = Scrambling code + Channelization code Scrambling codes

Separates different mobiles (in uplink) Separates different cells (in downlink) Good correlation properties

Channelization codes
Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same scrambling code Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes Period depends on data rate

Reception
Takes advantage of multipath propagation The Rake receiver combines multipath components Need to estimate delay, amplitude and phase for each multipath ray

Power Control
Without power control

Open loop power Control

Initial power setting

With power control

PTX

Outer Loop (RNC)

Adjust quality target dependent on performance t

PTX

fading channel

Inner Loop (fast power control-NodeB)

compensates for fading channels needs dedicated control channel for power control commands PRX

fading channel

PRX

Soft Handover
Soft handover reception
combines signals from different base stations

RNC

BS 1

BS 2

WCDMA use a 1-frequency reuse

Neighbor cell definitions Scrambling code planning is replacing BSIC/frequency planning

WCDMA separate users and channels with codes rather than timeslots/frequencies
WCDMA is dependent on a number of key functions in the radio network
Power Control Soft Handover

RAB: Radio Access Bearer

Owned by the core network (CN) CN determines traffic class and QoS
Real-Time Applications  Streaming Class: Preserve time relation between entities (packets) in a data stream  Conversational Class: Preserve time relation between entities within a certain delay Non-Real Time Applications  Background Class: Destination is not expecting data. Preserve Payload  Interactive Class: Request / Response Pattern with preserved payload

The WCDMA radio interface has three channels: Physical Channel, Transport Channel and Logical Channel: Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. * Control channel and service channel. * <what type of information >is transferred. Transport channel: It is the interface of radio interface L2 and physical layer. * Dedicated channel and common channel. * <how > and with <what characteristics > data is transmitted Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. * InUMTS, it corresponds on a frequency, a specific set of codes and phase. * Information container.

Logical Channel (1)

Control Plane
Logical Channels
BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH

User Plane
DTCH

Medium Access Control

Transport Channels

Defined by which type of information that is transported: Control Channels Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH, DL) Paging Control Channel (PCCH, DL) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH, UL/DL) Common Control Channel (CCCH, UL/DL) Traffic Channels Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH, UL/DL) Common Traffic Channel (CTCH, DL)

Logical Channel (2)

Control channels:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): It broadcast system control information for all mobiles in a cell like: Code values in the cell, neighbors information, allowed power levels in downlink direction. Paging Control Channel (PCCH): * It transfer paging information in downlink direction. * Network page the mobile to discover the UE location or UE in a cell connected state. Common Control Channel (CCCH): * Network may have certain tasks which are or may be common to UE in the cell. * Its being used in both direction downlink & uplink. * The CCCH is also used when UE is accessing a new cell after cell reselection. Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH): Bi-directionnel channel, transmits dedicated control information between UE and the network

Logical Channel (3)

Traffic channels: Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH): It is used transfer the user data between the network and the UE in both uplink and downlink directions. Common Traffic Channel (CTCH): It is used to transfer the data from one point to all mobiles or a specified group of mobiles.

Transport Channels (1)

MAC
Transport Channels

Physical Layer

The services offered by the physical layer to the MAC layer Characterized by how and with what characteristics data is transferred over the air Common Transport Channels:
Broadcast Channel (BCH, DL) Paging Channel (PCH, DL) Forward Access Channel (FACH, DL) Random Access Channel (RACH, UL) High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH, DL)

Dedicated Transport Channels: UE identified by the physical channels

Dedicated Channel (DCH, UL/DL)

Transport Channels (2)

Dedicated Traffic Channels: Dedicated Channel (DCH): It is the channel used to send dedicated control and user data between UE and the network in both uplink & downlink directions Common Transport Channel : Random Access Channel (RACH): It is used for initial access of for transmission of relatively small amounts of data.

Transport Channels (3)

Forward Access Channel (FACH): It is a downlink common channel used for dedicated signalling, or transmission of relatively small amouts of data. Broadcast Channel (BCH): It broadcasts system information in the downlink direction for all mobile stations in a cell. Paging Channel (PCH): It s a downlink common channel used to send paging notification messages. Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH): It is common channel used to send dedicated control and user data.

Mapping of Logical Channels to Transport Channels

Transport Channels
DCH (DL/UL) Dedicated Channel

Logical Channels
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

RACH (UL) Random Access Channel FACH (DL) Forward Access Channel

DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel

BCH (DL) Broadcast Channel PCH (DL) Paging Channel

CCCH Common Control Channel

Common Transport Channels

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel PCCH Paging Control Channel

Physical Channels (1)

Physical Channels are the L1 realizations of Transport channels
Defined by specific carrier frequency, code, timing and phase

The Physical layer provides:

Channel coding, interleaving Mapping of transport channels to physical channels Mapped into 15 slots in a radio frame pattern (10 ms) Spreading Modulation

Physical Channels (2):

Dedicated Physical Control Channel For each radio link, there is one DPCCH, it carries control information like: Pilot bits (used to support channel estimation at rake receiver)  Transmit Power Control (TPC) commands (Used power control)  Feedback information (FBI) needed with transmit diversity  Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI) Spreading factor is always 256.

Physical Channels (3)

Dedicated Physical Data Channel Each radio link may have no DPDCHs or several DPDCHs. Spreading factor for the DPDCH can be between 256 and 4. DPCCH & DPDCH are time multiplexed in downlink but uplink these are I/Q modulation.

Physical Channels (4):

Uplink DPCH

One radio frame (10 ms)

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #n

Slot #14

Uplink DPDCH

Data
10*2k bits (k=0, , 6)

Uplink DPCCH

Pilot
10 bits

[TFCI]

[FBI]

TPC

DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel

Physical Channels (5):

-Downlink DPCH

-Downlink DCH is transmitted on the Downlink DPCH; thus, DPCCH and DPDCH are time multiplexed .

One radio frame (10 ms)

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #n

Slot #14

Data1

TPC

[TFCI]
20*2k bits (k=0, , 6)

Data2

Pilot

QPSK modulation, i.e. 2 bits/symbol

Physical Channels (6)

Common Pilot Channel It has pre-defined bit sequence transmitted with a bit rate of 30 Kbps (Fixed Scrambling code 256) CPICH is divided into pilot channels: Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) Secondary Common Pilot Channel (S-CPICH) Reason for low bit rate as it is transmitted with high power to reduce the interference. It is phase reference, must be transmitted in whole cell.

Physical Channels (7)

Primary Common Pilot channel (P-CPICH) It has following characteristics: The same channelization code is always used The P-CPICH is scrambled by primary scrambling code There is only one P-CPICH per cell The P-CPICH broadcast over the entire cell

Physical Channels (8):

Secondary Common Pilot Channel (S-CPICH) It has following characteristics: An arbitrary channelization code is used SF256 A S-CPICH may scrambled with primary or secondary scrambling code There may be zero, one or several S-CPICH per cell A S-CPICH transmitted over the entire cell or part of the cell

Physical Channels (9)

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH): * It has fixed bit rate of 30 Kbps (Fixed Scrambling code 256) * There are no TPC, Pilot bits and first 256 chips of the slot are used for the primary and secondary synconization Channel. * Used to carry the BCH transport channel.

Physical Channels (10)

Synchronization Channel: This channel used in the cell search procedure. It is divided into the Primary Synchronization and Secondary Synchronization Channel Primary Synchronization Channel It carries primary synchronization codes transmitted in each slot of a radio frame. It is same for cells in the network. Secondary Synchronization Channel It consist of the secondary Synchronization codes (SSC). System selects the SSC to be transmitted in a slot, based on the scrambling code group and the slot number.

Physical Channels (11):

Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH): It carries FACH and PCH Transport channels. It has variable bit rate from 30kbps to 1,920 kbps. There are data bits, pilot bits and optional TFCI bits. It is transmitted only to smaller are of the cell.

Physical Channels (12)

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) It carries indication informing the UE that paging information is available on the S-CCPCH

Physical Channels (13)

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) It carries the Random Access Channel (RACH transport Channel). UE uses when physical random access procedure is initiated.

Physical Channels (14)

Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) It is used in a random access procedure by the network to indicate that the RACH preamble was detected. It has 15 consecutive access slots. Length of access slot is 5120 chips Each access slot is further divided into 32 Acquisition indicators and one part has no transmission.

HSDPA Channel Structure

High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel HS-DSCH
-High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel HS-PDSCH : DL Data -High-Speed Shared Control Channel HS-SCCH: Scheduling

Associated Dedicated Channel- A-DCH: Data in UL and control in DL

-Multiplexed with High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel: ACK/NACK + CQI
A-DCH

RBS B RBS A

HS-DSCH - High Speed Downlink Shared Channel: * Provides the logical transport mechanism for data transfer. * Transport channel carrying the user data with HSDPA operation.

HS-SCCH - High Speed Shared Control Channel * Provides timing and coding information to the User Equipment (UE). * This allows the UE to listen to the HS-DSCH at the correct time and using the correct codes to allow successful decoding of received data.

HS-PDSCH: High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel: * The transport mechanism for the new HSDPA logical channels. * This channel will be both time and code shared between users attached to a Node-B.

HS-DPCCH: High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel: Uplink channel that carries packet acknowledgment signaling for each transport block and a Channel Quality Indicator (CHI) used by the Node-B to perform AMC.

Channel Mapping (1)

The data can be sent through logical layer via different channels in the transport layer. And also one transport channel can be sent via different physical channels. These selection of channels in the transport and physical layer depends on the data itself and radio resource management and its parameters.

Channel Mapping (2)