TRAVEL

INDUSTRY
COAC
H
 COACH/ BUS
 - In contrast to transit buses that typically are used
within a single metropolitan region, coaches are
used for longer-distance bus service. Often used
for intercity—or even international—bus service,
other coaches are also used for private charter for
various purposes.

 Deriving the name from horse-drawn

carriages and stagecoaches that carried passengers,
luggage, and mail, modern motor coaches are
almost always high-floor buses, with a separate
luggage hold mounted below the passenger
compartment.

 In contrast to transit buses, motor coaches typically

feature forward-facing seating, with no provision
for standing. Other accommodations may include
on-board restrooms, televisions, and overhead
luggage space.
BACKGROUND  Horsedrawn chariots and carriages ("coaches"
) were used by the wealthy and powerful
where the roads were of a high enough
standard from possibly 3000 BC.

 In Hungary, during the reign of King

Matthias Corvinus in the 15th century, the
wheelwrights of Kocs began to build a horse-
drawn vehicle with steel-spring suspension.

 This "cart of Kocs" as the Hungarians called

it (Hungarian: kocsi szekér) soon became
popular all over Europe. The imperial post
service employed the first horse-drawn mail
coaches in Europe since Roman times in
1650, and as they started in the town of Kocs,

 The use of these mail coaches gave rise to the

term "coach". Stagecoaches (drawn by
horses) were used for transport between cities
from about 1500 in Great Britain until
displaced by the arrival of the railways.
 One of the earliest motorized vehicles
was the charabanc, which was used
for short journeys and excursions
until the early years of the 20th
century.

Charabanc- “a sightseeing bus”

- French char-à-banc,
literally , car with
bench

 The first "motor coaches" were

purchased by operators of
those horse-drawn vehicles in the
early 20th century by operators such
as Royal Blue Coach Services, who
purchased their first charabanc in
1913 and were running 72 coaches by
1926.
FEATURES
 Coaches, as they hold passengers for significant periods
of time on long journeys, are designed for comfort. They
vary considerably in quality from country to country and
within countries. Higher specification vehicles include
luxury seats and air conditioning.
Coaches typically have only a single,
narrow door, but sometimes they have
two doors, as an increased loading
time is acceptable due to infrequent
stops.

Some characteristics
include:
1. Comfortable seats that may include
a folding table, armrests, and recliner.
Comfort is considered to be an important
feature in coaches.

2. Luggage racks above the seats where

passengers can access their carry-on
baggage during the journey
3. Baggage holds, accessed from
outside the vehicle, often under
the main floor or at the rear,
where passengers' luggage can be
stowed away from the seating
area

4. Passenger service units,

mounted overhead, on which
personal reading lights and air
conditioning ducts can be
controlled and used by individual
passengers with little disturbance
to other passengers
5. On-board rest rooms fitted
with chemical toilets, hand basins
and hand sanitizer.

6. On some coaches, on-board
entertainment including movies may
be shown to passengers

7. On-board refreshment service

or vending machines
8.
Wheelchair accommodati
on, possibly including
a wheelchair lift for
access

9. Curtains, useful on
overnight services

10. Onboard Wi-Fi access

11. Onboard AC power

MANUFACTURE
 Coaches, like buses, may be fully built by integrated
manufacturers, or a separate chassis consisting of only an
engine, wheels and basic frame may be delivered to
a coachwork factory for a body to be added.
 A minority of coaches are built with monocoque bodies without a chassis
frame. Integrated manufacturers (most of whom also supply chassis)
include Autosan, Scania, Fuso, and Alexander Dennis.

 Monocoque is a French term for “single shell” or “single hull”, and its
structure reflects that.
 A monocoque frame is basically a “skin” that supports its load by distributing
tension and compression across its surface. It lacks a load carrying internal
frame.

 Monocoque frames have been used sparingly in racing and luxury vehicles. In

1992, the McLaren F1 was designed with a carbon-fiber monocoque body.
 Major coachwork providers (some of whom can build
their own chassis) include Van
Hool, Neoplan, Marcopolo, Irizar, MCI, Prevost, Volvo a
nd Designline.
MODERN COACHES
 A representative selection of vehicles currently ( or
recently ) in use in different parts of the world.
 Marcopolo S.A. luxury coaches at Valladolid, Mexico
Murrays Austral Pacific bodied Scania
K113TRBL 14.5 m (47 ft 7 in) Quad-axle coach
in Canberra, Australia
 Victory Liner Inc. Provincial Coach (made by Del
Monte Motor Works, Inc. on a MAN 16.290 HOCL
chassis) (Philippines)
AUTOMOBIL
E
 A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used
for transportation. Most definitions of car say they run
primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have
four tires, and mainly transport people rather than goods.
[
 Cars came into global use during the 20th century, and 
developed economies depend on them. The year 1886 is
regarded as the birth year of the modern car when German
inventor Karl Benz patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen.

 Cars became widely available in the early 20th century.

One of the first cars accessible to the masses was the
1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the 
Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the
US, where they replaced animal-drawn carriagesand carts,
but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe
and other parts of the world.
 Cars have controls for driving, parking, passenger comfort, and
safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades,
additional features and controls have been added to vehicles,
making them progressively more complex. Examples include rear
reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and 
in-car entertainment.

 Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by an 

internal combustion engine, fueled by the combustion of fossil fuels.
This causes air pollution and also contributes to climate change and 
global warming.[4] Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol 
flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining
popularity in some countries. Electric cars, which were invented
early in the history of the car, began to become commercially
available in 2008.
 There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs include
acquiring the vehicle, interest payments (if the car is
financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel, depreciation,
driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance.[5] 

 The costs to society include maintaining roads, land use, 

road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care,
and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. Road
traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related
deaths worldwide.[6]
 The benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility,
independence, and convenience.

 The societal benefits include economic benefits, such as job

and wealth creation from the automotive industry,
transportation provision, societal well-being from leisure and
travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the taxes.

 The ability for people to move flexibly from place to place

has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.[8] It
was estimated in 2014 that the number of cars was over 1.25
billion vehicles,[9] up from the 500 million of 1986.[10] 

 The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, 

India and other newly industrialized countries.[11]
ETYMOLOGY
 The word car is believed to originate from the Latin
word carrus or carrum ("wheeled vehicle"), or the 
Middle English word carre (meaning "two-wheel cart", from 
Old North French). In turn, these originated from the Gaulish
 word karros (a Gallic chariot).[12][13] It originally referred to any
wheeled horse-drawn vehicle, such as a cart, carriage, or
wagon.[14][15

 ]"Motor car" is attested from 1895, and is the usual formal

name for cars in British English.[3] "Autocar" is a variant that is
also attested from 1895, but that is now considered archaic. It
literally means "self-propelled car".[16] The term "
horseless carriage" was used by some to refer to the first cars at
the time that they were being built, and is attested from 1895
HISTORY
 The first working steam-powered vehicle was designed — and quite possibly built —
by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in China around 1672. It
was a 65-cm-long scale-model toy for the Chinese Emperor that was unable to carry a
driver or a passenger.[7][22][23] It is not known with certainty if Verbiest's model was
successfully built or run.[23]

 Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur, as preserved at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris

 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first full-scale, self-
propelled mechanical vehicle or car in about 1769; he created a steam-powered
tricycle.[24] 

 He also constructed two steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved
in the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts.[25] His inventions were,
however, handicapped by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure.
[25]
 In 1801, Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road
locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road
vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods and was
of little practical use.
 The development of external combustion engines is
detailed as part of the history of the car but often treated
separately from the development of true cars.
 A variety of steam-powered road vehicles were used
during the first part of the 19th century, including 
steam cars, steam buses, phaetons, and steam rollers.
Sentiment against them led to the Locomotive Acts of
1865.
 Cugnot's 1771 fardier à vapeur, as preserved at the 
Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris
 1927 Ford Model T

Henry Ford founded 
Ford Motor Company in 1903
 Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning
each worker to a specific location instead of allowing
them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of
injury. The combination of high wages and high efficiency
is called "Fordism," and was copied by most major
industries.

 The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided

with the economic rise of the United States. The assembly
line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very
repetitive motions which led to more output per worker
while other countries were using less productive methods.
 In the automotive industry, its success was dominating,
and quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of
Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911,

 Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in

1921, Citroen was the first native European
manufacturer to adopt the production method. Soon,
companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going
broke; by 1930, 250 companies which did not, had
disappeared.[36]
 Mass production at a
 Toyota plant in the 1950s

Kiichiro Toyoda, president

of the 
Toyota Motor Corporation
 1941–1950
 In Japan, car production was very limited before World War II. Only a
handful of companies were producing vehicles in limited numbers, and
these were small, three-wheeled for commercial uses, like Daihatsu, or
were the result of partnering with European companies, like Isuzu
 building the Wolseley A-9 in 1922. Mitsubishi was also partnered with 
Fiat and built the Mitsubishi Model A based on a Fiat vehicle. 

 Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, and Honda began as companies

producing non-automotive products before the war, switching to car
production during the 1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to take 
Toyoda Loom Works into automobile manufacturing would create what
would eventually become Toyota Motor Corporation, the largest
automobile manufacturer in the world. 

 Subaru, meanwhile, was formed from a conglomerate of six companies

who banded together as Fuji Heavy Industries, as a result of having
been broken up under keiretsu legislation.
ECOTOURISM
 Tourism directed toward exotic, often threatened, natural
environments, intended to support conservation efforts
and observe wildlife.

 Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting

fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas,
intended as a low-impact and often small scale
alternative to standard commercial mass tourism. 
 Generally, ecotourism deals with interaction with 
biotic components of the natural environments.[4] 

 Ecotourism focuses on socially responsible travel,

personal growth, and environmental sustainability.

 Ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations

where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary
attractions. Ecotourism is intended to offer tourists an
insight into the impact of human beings on the
environment and to foster a greater appreciation of our
natural habitats.
 Responsible ecotourism programs include those that
minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the
environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local
people.

 Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and

cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the
promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, 
water conservation, and creation of economic opportunities
for local communities.[5] 

 For these reasons, ecotourism often appeals to advocates of

environmental and social responsibility.
 Many consider the term "ecotourism",
like "sustainable tourism", an
oxymoron. Like most forms of
tourism, ecotourism generally depends
on air transportation, which
contributes to global climate change.

 Additionally, "the overall effect of

sustainable tourism is negative where
like ecotourism philanthropic
aspirations mask hard-nosed
immediate self-interest.
CRITERIA
Ecotourism is tourism which is conducted responsibly to
conserve the environment and sustain the well-being of
local people.It...

 Builds environmental awareness

 Provides direct financial benefits for conservation

 Provides financial benefits and empowerment for local

people
 Respects local culture
 Supports human rights and democratic movements such as:
conservation of biological diversity and cultural diversity
 through ecosystem protection
promotion of sustainable use of biodiversity, by providing
jobs to local populations
sharing of all socio-economic benefits with local
communities and indigenous peoples by having their 
informed consent and participation in the management of
ecotourism enterprises
tourism to unspoiled natural resources, with minimal
impact on the environment being a primary concern.
minimization of tourism's own environmental impact

affordability and lack of waste in the form of luxury

local culture, flora, and fauna being the main attractions

local people, who benefit from this form of tourism

economically, and often more than mass tourism
Ecotourism is a late 20th-century neologism compounded from eco- and 
tourism. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, ecotour was first
recorded in 1973 and ecotourism, "probably after ecotour", in 1982.[13]
 ecotour, n. ... A tour of or visit to an area of ecological interest, usually
with an educational element; (in later use also) a similar tour or visit
designed to have as little detrimental effect on the ecology as possible or
undertaken with the specific aim of helping conservation efforts.
 ecotourism, n. ... Tourism to areas of ecological interest (typically
exotic and often threatened natural environments), esp. to support
conservation efforts and observe wildlife; spec. access to an endangered
environment controlled so as to have the least possible adverse effect.
 One source claims the terms were used earlier. Claus-Dieter (Nick)
Hetzer, an academic and adventurer from Forum International in
Berkeley, CA, supposedly coined ecotourism in 1965 and ran the
first ecotours in the Yucatán during the early 1970s.[14]
IMPROVING SUSTAINABILITY
Principles
 Ecotourism in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems can
benefit conservation, provided the complexities of
history, culture, and ecology in the affected regions are
successfully navigated.[15] 

 Catherine Macdonald and colleagues identify the factors

which determine conservation outcome, namely whether:
animals and their habits are sufficiently protected;
conflict between people and wildlife is avoided or at
least suitably mitigated;


 there is good outreach and education of the local
population into the benefits of ecotourism; there is
effective collaboration with stakeholders in the area; and
there is proper use of the money generated by
ecotourism to conserve the local ecology.[15] 

 They conclude that ecotourism works best to conserve

predators when the tourism industry is supported both
politically and by the public, and when it is monitored
and controlled at local, national, and international levels.
[15]
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!!! 