Academic Report Writing

Introduction:
In the introduction to your academic report, you present the research topic or question and explain why
you chose to study that topic. You may also present a general overview of the work you did and your findings,
expanding on these points further in the main body of the text. At the end of the introduction, you may want to
present a brief summary of the way in which the rest of the report is organized.

Literature Review/Background:
In this section, you will briefly summarize work on this topic that other researchers have conducted,
including their findings. You can also provide any background information on the topic that your readers
should have before you present your own work. Remember that your reader is interested in your work, not the
work of others. It isn’t necessary to go into excessive detail regarding other studies, especially if they aren’t
relevant to your work. Focus on summarizing work that relates in some way to the work you have performed.

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 Methods:

The methods section is where you describe the steps you took in your research. For
example, you can describe the methodology you used to build your study, the sampling
method you used to obtain survey participants, and the steps you took in a scientific
experiment. Make sure to describe all your steps in detail using the past tense (since
you’re describing something that already happened, not something that will happen).

Results:
In this section, you will describe the results of your study. For example, you will
provide information such as survey participants’ answers, medical test results, data from
scientific experiments, and any statistical analysis results. You may find it helpful to use
figures and tables to present these results in an easy-to-read format. However, note that if
you present data in a table or figure, it is not necessary to also provide all the same data in
the text. If you use tables or figures, only discuss particularly important findings in the
text.
 In this section, you will discuss the implications of your findings, explaining them and relating them to the
previous research presented in your literature review. You will interpret your findings and describe how these
findings answer (or don’t answer) your research questions. You should also describe any limitations of your
work, such as sample size or missing data, and discuss how you could resolve those issues in future work.

Conclusion:
The conclusion is where you summarize your main work and findings as well as the implications of your
work. You should not introduce any new material in this section. You should also provide recommendations
based on your findings and discuss any future research needed.
- Of course, you should check with your academic institution or professor to see if they want you to include
any other sections or information. In addition, make sure you follow the style guide required by your
institution (e.g., APA or Chicago).
- Writing an academic report doesn’t have to be stressful and intimidating. Using the information above, you
can finish your report and avoid undue stress.
 IT to enhance communication
Advance in technology have led to the birth of many new methods of electronic
communication, such as social networking websites & videoconferences. The increase of
electronic communication has helped to eliminates time & distance as obstacles to
communication. This has bon beneficial to many parts of society, including business,
education & international relationship.

Use of IT to enhance communication

1. Online Portal 6. Online Surveys
2. Email
3. Live-chat Feature
4. Chat-bot Technology
5. Two way SMS
 Use of source Information to undertake research
Primary Source:
Primary resources contain first-hand information, meaning that you are reading the author’s own
account on a specific topic or event that s/he participated in. Examples of primary resources
include scholarly research articles, books, and diaries. Primary sources such as research articles
often do not explain terminology and theoretical principles in detail. Thus, readers of primary
scholarly research should have foundational knowledge of the subject area. Use primary
resources to obtain a first-hand account to an actual event and identify original research done in
a field. For many of your papers, use of primary resources will be a requirement.

Examples of a primary source are:

1. Original documents such as diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, records,
eyewitness accounts, autobiographies.
2. Empirical scholarly works such as research articles, clinical reports, case studies, dissertations.
3. Creative works such as poetry, music, video, photography.
 Secondary Source:

Secondary sources describe, summarize, or discuss information or details originally

presented in another source; meaning the author, in most cases, did not participate in the
event. This type of source is written for a broad audience and will include definitions of
discipline specific terms, history relating to the topic, significant theories and principles,
and summaries of major studies/events as related to the topic. Use secondary sources to
obtain an overview of a topic and/or identify primary resources. Refrain from including
such resources in an annotated bibliography for doctoral level work unless there is a good
reason.

Examples of a secondary source are:

1. Publications such as textbooks, magazine articles, book reviews, commentaries,
encyclopedias, almanacs.