FEEDBACK & CONTROL

SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEM
BY THE END OF THE LESSON, STUDENTS
WILL BE ABLE TO

• Understand the basic principles of computer control and automation of

engineering systems and processes
• Differentiate Open Loop Control System and Closed Loop System.
A control system is a system, which provides the
desired response by controlling the output.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROL
SYSTEM
Parameters

• Type of the signal Continuous time Discrete time

• Number of inputs Single Input and Single Multiple Inputs and

and outputs Output Multiple Outputs

• Feedback path Open Loop Control Closed Loop Control

Systems Systems
 OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

The output is not fed-back to

the input. So, the control action
is independent of the desired
output.
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

The output is fed back to the

input. So, the control action is
dependent on the desired
output.
 FEEDBACK
• A feedback system is one in which the output signal
is sampled and then fed back to the input to form an
error signal that drives the system.
• Circuit characteristics such as the systems gain and
response can be precisely controlled.

• Circuit characteristics can be made independent of

operating conditions such as supply voltages or
temperature variations.

• Signal distortion due to the non-linear nature of the

components used can be greatly reduced.

• The Frequency Response, Gain and Bandwidth of a

circuit or system can be easily controlled to within tight
limits.
TYPES OF FEEDBACK
• Positive Feedback-The effect of positive (or regenerative) feedback is to
“increase” the systems gain, i.e, the overall gain with positive feedback applied
will be greater than the gain without feedback.

Where,
T- is the transfer function or overall gain of positive feedback control system.
G- is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.
H -is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency.
TYPES OF FEEDBACK

• Negative Feedback-The effect of negative (or degenerative)

feedback is to “reduce” the gain.
-produces stable circuit responses, improves stability and
increases the operating bandwidth of a given system, the majority
of all control and feedback systems is degenerative reducing the
effects of the gain.
Where,
T- is the transfer function or overall gain of positive feedback control
system.
G- is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.
H -is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency.
 Effect of Feedback on Overall Gain
We can say that the overall gain of negative feedback closed loop
control system is the ratio of 'G' and (1+GH). So, the overall gain may
increase or decrease depending on the value of (1+GH).

If the value of (1+GH) is less than 1, then the overall gain increases. In
this case, 'GH' value is negative because the gain of the feedback path
is negative.

If the value of (1+GH) is greater than 1, then the overall gain

decreases. In this case, 'GH' value is positive because the gain of the
feedback path is positive.