REAL ANALYSIS

SEQUENCES AND SERIES OF FUNCTIONS

Prof. Mini Thomas

Department of Mathematics
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
POINTWISE CONVERGENCE AND UNIFORM
CONVERGENCE OF SEQUENCES OF FUNCTIONS
CAUCHYʹ S CRITERION FOR UNIFORM CONVERGENCE
THEOREMS
UNIFORM CONVERGENCE AND CONTINUITY
DEFINITION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
In Mathematics , real analysis is the branch of
mathematical analysis that studies the behavior of real
numbers ,sequences and series of real numbers and
real valued functions .Some particular properties of
real –valued sequences and functions that real analysis
studies include convergence , limits , continuity ,
smoothness , differentiability and integrability .
 POINTWISE CONVERGENCE AND UNIFORM CONVERGENCE OF SEQUENCES OF
FUNCTIONS

Definition ( Pointwise convergence )

Suppose {fn} be a sequence of functions defined on a set E and
suppose that the sequence of numbers {fn₍ₓ₎} converges for every xϵE
we can define a function f by
f₍ₓ₎= limn→∞ fn₍ₓ₎ , xϵE
And we say that {fn} → f pointwise on E or simply , {fn} converges
on E and that f is the limit or the limit function of {fn}.
⦁Definition (Uniform convergence)
A sequence of functions {fn} is said to converge uniformly on E to a
function if for every ɛ˃ 0 , their exist N such that
n ≥N implies │fn₍ₓ₎−f₍ₓ₎│≤ɛ , for all xϵE
CAUCHY ‘S CRITERION FOR UNIFORM
CONVERGENCE
THEOREM : The sequence of functions {f n} defined on
E , converges uniformly on E iff for every ɛ˃0 their
exist an integer N such that
m,n ≥N , xϵE implies │fn₍ₓ₎─ fm₍ₓ₎│≤ɛ
THEOREMS
THEOREM 1: Suppose limn→∞ fn₍ₓ₎ = f₍ₓ₎ , xϵE put
Mn = xϵEsup│fn₍ₓ₎─f₍ₓ₎│ then fn→f uniformly on E iff Mn→0
as n→∞

THEOREM 2 (WEIERSTRASS M-TEST FOR UNIFORM

CONVERGENCE OF SERIES ) :
Suppose {fn} is a sequence of functions defined on E and
suppose │fn₍ₓ₎│≤Mn , for all xϵE and n= 1,2,3,…… then
∑fn converges uniformly on E if ∑Mn converges
UNIFORM CONVERGENCE AND CONTINUITY
THEOREM
Suppose fn converges to f uniformly on a set E in a metric
space . Let x be a limit point of E and suppose that
limt→x fn ₍t₎= An ,n=1,2,3,. then {An} converges and
limt→x f₍t₎ = limn→∞ An
THEOREM : If {fn} is a THEOREM : suppose k is
sequence of continuous compact
functions on E and if fn a) {fn} is a sequence of
continuous functions on k
converges to f uniformly
b) {fn} converges pointwise to
on E then f is continuous
a continuous function f on
on E
k
c) fn₍ₓ₎ ≥ fn+1₍ₓ₎ , for every xϵk ,
n =1,2,… then fn converges
to f uniformly on k
DEFINITION
Let X be a metric space then the set of all complex valued
continues bounded functions with domain x is denoted
by Ҫ₍ₓ₎ . If f is a continuous function on a compact
metric space then f is bounded . So if x is compact Ҫ₍ₓ₎
consists of complex valued continuous functions on X .
Let fϵҪ₍ₓ₎ then define ǁ f ǁ = xϵXsup │f₍ₓ₎│, then ǁ ǁ is a
norm on Ҫ₍ₓ₎ and is called supremum norm
CONCLUSION
The difference between the uniform convergence and
pointwise convergence is that if {fn} converges
uniformly on E which is possible for each ԑ>0 to find
one integer N which will do for all xϵE so in case of
uniform convergence N depends only on ԑ and in case
of pointwise convergence N depends on ϵ and x
REFERENCES
WALTER RUDIN, Principles Mathematical analysis (Third
edition) , McGraw Hill Book Company , International
Editions.
Chapter 7 Section 7.1- 7.18