Temperature and Heat

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08/31/2022 2
 Common Temperature Scales

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https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51111176

https://www.disabled-world.com/calculators-charts/degrees.php
Common Temperature Scales
Ice point – temperature at which ice melts*
Steam point – temperature at which water boils*
*at 1 atm pressure

CELSIUS SCALE FAHRENHEIT SCALE

Ice point: Ice point:
Steam point: Steam point:

Temperatures are reported in degrees Celsius () or degrees

Fahrenheit ().

Temperature change (or difference), on the other hand, are

reported in Celsius degrees () or Fahrenheit degrees ().

∘ ∘ 𝟗
𝟏𝟎𝟎 C =180  F 𝟏   C ∘ =   F∘
𝟓
 Common Temperature Scales
Reasoning Strategy

1. Determine the magnitude of the difference between the stated temperature and the ice point
on the initial scale.

2. Convert this from one scale to the other using the appropriate conversion factor.

3. Add of subtract the number of degrees on the new scale to or from the ice point on the new
scale.

CELSIUS SCALE FAHRENHEIT SCALE

∘ 𝟗 ∘
Ice point: Ice point: 𝟏 C =  F
Steam point: Steam point: 𝟓
Common Temperature Scales – Example 1

Fahrenheit to Celsius Temperature

A healthy person has an oral temperature of 98.6oF. What would this reading be on the Celsius scale?

98. 𝟔℉ −𝟑𝟐℉ =𝟔𝟔. 𝟔  F∘ degrees above ice point

( )
∘
( 𝟔𝟔 . 𝟔   F ) 𝟏   C =𝟑𝟕 . 𝟎   C∘
∘
𝟗 ∘
 F
𝟓

𝟎 ℃+𝟑𝟕.𝟎  C∘=𝟑𝟕.𝟎℃
ice point
Common Temperature Scales – Example 2

Celsius to Fahrenheit Temperature

A time and temperature sign on a bank indicates that the outdoor temperature is -20.0 oC. Find the corresponding temperature
on the Fahrenheit scale.

( )
𝟗 ∘
 F
𝟓
( 𝟐𝟎 . 𝟎   C∘) ∘
= 𝟑𝟔 .𝟎   F
∘
degrees below ice point
𝟏  C

𝟑𝟐.𝟎 ℉ − 𝟑𝟔.𝟎  F∘=−𝟒.𝟎∘ 𝐅

ice point
The Kelvin Temperature Scale
𝑻 𝑲 =𝑻 𝑪 +𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓
where is the Temperature in Kelvin

Same temperature change scale with Celsius scale but ice point
is 273.15 K

More useful in defining lowest possible temperature called

absolute zero, 0 K below which no substance can be cooled.

Scale is used when referring to the absolute temperature of an

object.
Linear Thermal Expansion
LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF A SOLID

The length of an object changes when its temperature changes:

Length is when the temperature is

Length becomes when the temperature increases

to
Linear Thermal Expansion

𝜟 𝑳∝𝚫 𝑻 𝜟 𝑳∝𝐋 𝐨 𝚫 𝑻
we use the proportionality constant

𝜟 𝑳=𝜶 𝑳𝒐 𝜟𝑻

𝜟 𝑳∝𝑳 𝒐 coefficient of linear expansion

𝟏 ∘ −𝟏
∘
= ( 𝐂 )
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion: 𝐂
Linear Thermal Expansion – Example 1
Physics in Paris
The Eiffel Tower is a steel structure () whose height increases by when the temperature changes from to . What is
the approximate height (in meters) at the lower temperature?

𝚫𝐋
𝜟 𝑳=𝜶 𝑳𝒐 𝜟𝑻 𝑳𝒐 =
𝜶𝜟𝑻
𝜟 𝑳=𝟎.𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝐦
𝜟 𝑻 =𝟒𝟏℃ − (− 𝟗 ) ℃=𝟓𝟎 𝐂°

𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝐦
𝑳𝒐 = −𝟔 −𝟏
(𝜶=𝟏𝟐×𝟏 𝟎 𝐂° )(𝟓𝟎𝐂 °)

𝑳𝒐 =𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝐦
https://images.app.goo.gl/ezs8xUdE3VHb9AQm7
Linear Thermal Expansion

Bimetallic Strip Bimetallic Switch on an Automatic Coffee Maker

−𝟔 −𝟏
𝜶 𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐬 =𝟏𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎 ( 𝐂° ) ¿ 𝜶 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 =𝟏𝟐 ×𝟏𝟎
−𝟔
( 𝐂° )−𝟏
𝜟 𝑳=𝜶 𝑳𝒐 𝜟𝑻 when
Linear Thermal Expansion – Example 3
Expanding Cylinders
Each cylinder is made from a different material. All three have the same temperature and they
barely fit inside each other. As the cylinders are heated to the same, but higher, temperature, cylinder C falls off, while
cylinder A becomes tightly wedged to cylinder B. Which cylinder is made from which material?

𝜟 𝑳=𝜶 𝑳𝒐 𝜟𝑻
Greater increase in inner and
outer radii means greater linear
expansion, thus greater value for

𝜟 𝑳 𝑨 >𝜟 𝑳 𝑩𝜶 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 < 𝜶 𝒃𝒓𝒂𝒔𝒔 < 𝜶 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅

𝜟 𝑳𝑪 > 𝜟 𝑳 𝑩 Therefore, A – Brass B – Steel C – Lead
Or, A – Lead B – Steel C - Brass
Volume Thermal Expansion
VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION

The volume of an object changes when its temperature changes:

𝜟𝑽 =𝜷 𝑽 𝒐 𝜟𝑻

coefficient of volume expansion

𝟏 ∘ −𝟏
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume Expansion: ∘
=( 𝐂 )
𝐂
Volume Thermal Expansion

Example 8 An Automobile Radiator

A small plastic container, called the coolant reservoir, catches

the radiator fluid that overflows when an automobile engine
becomes hot. The radiator is made of
copper and the coolant has an
expansion coefficient of
4.10x10-4 (Co)-1. If the radiator
is filled to its 15-quart capacity
when the engine is cold (6oC),
how much overflow will spill into the
reservoir when the coolant reaches its
operating temperature (92oC)?
 Volume Thermal Expansion


Vcoolant  4.10 10 4
C  15 quarts 86 C   0.53 quarts
 1 

   15 quarts 86 C   0.066 quarts

Vradiator  5110 6 C
1 

Vspill  0.53 quarts  0.066 quarts  0.46 quarts

Heat and Internal Energy
DEFINITION OF HEAT

Heat is energy that flows from a higher-temperature object

to a lower-temperature object because of a difference in
temperatures.

SI Unit of Heat: joule (J)

The heat that flows from hot to cold originates in the

INTERNAL ENERGY of the hot substance.

It is not correct to say that a substance contains heat.

 Specific Heat Capacity
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS GASES
HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN The value of the specific heat of a gas depends on
CHANGING THE TEMPERATURE OF A whether the pressure or volume is held constant.
SUBSTANCE

The heat that must be supplied or removed to This distinction is not important for solids.
change the temperature of a substance is
𝑸=𝒎𝒄 𝜟𝑻
OTHER UNITS

specific heat capacity 1 kcal = 4186 joules = 1000 cal

Common Unit for Specific Heat Capacity: 1 cal = 4.186 joules

Specific Heat Capacity- Example
A Hot Jogger
In a half-hour, a 65-kg jogger can generate 8.0x10 5 J of heat. This heat is removed from the body by a variety of means,
including the body’s own temperature-regulating mechanisms. If the heat were not removed, how much would the body
temperature increase?

𝑸
𝑸=𝒎𝒄 𝜟𝑻 𝜟𝑻=
𝒎𝒄
Specific Heat Capacity
CALORIMETRY

If there is no heat loss to the surroundings, the heat lost by the

hotter object equals the heat gained by the cooler ones.

|𝑸 𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝|=|𝑸 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐭|

𝑸=𝒎𝒄 𝜟𝑻

Calorimeter Set-up ( 𝒎𝒄 𝜟 𝑻 ) water =( 𝒎𝒄 𝜟 𝑻 )unknown

Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity- Example
Measuring the Specific Heat Capacity
The calorimeter is made of 0.15 kg of aluminum and contains 0.20 kg of water. Initially, the water and cup have the same
temperature of 18.0oC. A 0.040 kg mass of unknown material is heated to a temperature of 97.0 oC and then added to the
water. After thermal equilibrium is reached, the temperature of the water, the cup, and the material is 22.0 oC. Ignoring the
small amount of heat gained by the thermometer, find the specific heat capacity of the unknown material.

|𝑸 𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝|=|𝑸 𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐭|
( 𝒎𝒄 𝜟 𝑻 ) Al +( 𝒎𝒄 𝜟𝑻 ) water =( 𝒎𝒄 𝜟𝑻 )unknown
( 𝒎𝒄 𝜟 𝑻 )Al + ( 𝒎𝒄 𝜟 𝑻 ) water
𝒄 unknown =
( 𝒎 𝜟 𝑻 )unknown

𝒄 unknown =𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐉 / ( kg ⋅ 𝐂 )
∘
Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
Phases of Matter
Earlier:
is the heat associated with a
TEMPERATURE CHANGE

HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING

THE PHASE OF A SUBSTANCE

The heat that must be supplied or removed to change

the phase of a mass m of a substance is

𝑸=𝒎𝑳
latent heat
SI Units of Latent Heat: J/kg
Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
Phases of Matter

Latent heat of FUSION,

Solid to Liquid and vice versa

Latent heat of VAPORIZATION,

Liquid to Gas and vice versa

Latent heat of SUBLIMATION,

Solid to Gas and vice versa
Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat - Example
Ice-cold Lemonade
Ice at is placed in a Styrofoam cup containing of lemonade at . The specific heat capacity of lemonade is virtually the same as
that of water (). After the ice and lemonade reach and equilibrium temperature, some ice still remains. Assume that mass of
the cup is so small that it absorbs a negligible amount of heat. Determine the mass of ice that has melted.

𝒎 𝑳 𝒇 ) ice =(⏟
(⏟ 𝒎𝒄 𝜟𝑻 )lemonade
¿ Heat   gained ¿Heat  lost   by
¿ by   ice ¿lemonade

( 𝒎𝒄 𝜟 𝑻 ) lemonade
𝒎ice =
𝐋𝐟

𝒎ice =
[ 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝐉/ ( kg ⋅ 𝐂 ) ] ( 𝟎 . 𝟑𝟐   kg ) ( 𝟐 𝟕 𝐂 −𝟎 𝐂 )
∘ ∘ ∘
=𝟎 .𝟏𝟏   kg
𝟓
3.35 × 10 𝐉 / kg
The Transfer of Heat
CHAPTER 13
Convection
CONVECTION
Convection is the process in which heat is carried from one
place to another by the bulk movement of a fluid.

convection
currents

“Thermals” can be used by glider pilots to gain

considerable altitude.
Conduction
CONDUCTION
Conduction is the process whereby heat is transferred directly through a material.

One mechanism for conduction occurs when the atoms or molecules in a hotter part of the material
vibrate or move with greater energy than those in a cooler part. By means of collisions, the more
energetic molecules pass on some of their energy to their less energetic neighbors.

Materials that conduct heat well are called thermal conductors, and those
that conduct heat poorly are called thermal insulators.
Conduction

The amount of heat Q that is conducted through the bar depends on

a number of factors:

1. The time during which conduction takes place.

2. The temperature difference between the ends of the bar.
3. The cross sectional area of the bar.
4. The length of the bar.
Conduction

CONDUCTION OF HEAT THROUGH A

MATERIAL
The heat Q conducted during a time t through a bar of lengththermal
L and cross-sectional area A is
( 𝒌𝑨 𝜟𝑻 ) 𝒕 conductivity
𝑸=
𝑳 SI Units of Thermal Conductivity: J/(s·m·Co)
Materials with dead air
spaces are usually excellent
thermal
insulators.
Radiation
RADIATION

Radiation is the process in which energy is

transferred by means of electromagnetic waves.

A material that is a good absorber is also a good

emitter.

A material that absorbs completely is called a

perfect blackbody.
 Summary
Conversion factor for
temp difference 𝟗 ∘
∘ CELSIUS SCALE FAHRENHEIT SCALE
𝟏 C =  F Ice point: Ice point:
(between Celsius and 𝟓 Steam point: Steam point:
Fahrenheit)

Linear Thermal Expansion Heat added or removed

𝜟 𝑳=𝜶 𝑳𝒐 𝜟𝑻
𝜟 𝑳= 𝑳 𝒇 − 𝑳 𝒐
Larger means larger for
the same temp change
Heat added or removed
causing a phase change
𝑸=𝒎𝑳
causing a temp change Heat transfer through Thermal Conduction
𝑸=𝒎𝒄 𝜟𝑻 ( 𝒌𝑨 𝜟𝑻 ) 𝒕
𝑸=
specific heat capacity 𝑳
Thermal conductivity
thermal conductors - conduct heat well, high k value
thermal insulators - conduct heat poorly, low k value
Latent heat
References
Cutnell, J. D. (2019). Physics: Biomedical Applications of Introductory Physics.
11th ed. Wiley.

Young, H. D. and Freedman, R. A. (2016) University Physics with Modern

Physics, 14th ed. Pearson.

GE-PHY 101 Physics Group Lecture slides, Sir Oraa, Dr. Tibayan, Sir Apuyan,
Sir Abugao

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