PLANE AND SOLID By:

Mervin Jason

GEOMETRY N. Bonsol
Week 1
 BRIEF HISTORY
The word “Geometry” comes from
the Greek words geo (Earth) and
metron (measure).
It aims to measure the earth and
everything within, and their
relationships to one another through
logical reasoning.
 BRIEF HISTORY
Geometry began with a practical
need to measure shapes.
It is believed that geometry first
became important when an Egyptian
pharaoh wanted to tax farmers who
raised crops along the Nile River.
 BRIEF HISTORY

Around 2900 BC the first Egyptian

pyramid was constructed.
The earliest record of a formula for
calculating the area of a triangle
dates back to 2000 BC.
 BRIEF HISTORY
The Egyptians (5000–500 BC) and
the Babylonians (4000–500 BC)
developed practical geometry to
solve everyday problems, but there is
no evidence that they logically
deduced geometric facts from basic
principles.
 BRIEF HISTORY
It was the early Greeks (600 BC–400 AD)
that developed the principles of modern
geometry beginning with Thales of Miletus
(624–547 BC).
Thales is credited with bringing the science
of geometry from Egypt to Greece.
Thales studied similar triangles and wrote
the proof that corresponding sides of
similar triangles are in proportion.
 BRIEF HISTORY
Pythagoras (569–475 BC) is
regarded as the first pure
mathematician to logically deduce
geometric facts from basic principles.
The most famous and useful
contribution of Pythagoras was the
Pythagorean Theorem.
 BRIEF HISTORY
Euclid of Alexandria (325–265 BC)
was one of the greatest of all the
Greek geometers and is considered by
many to be the “father of geometry”.
Euclid is best known for his 13-book
treatise The Elements.
Axiomatic approach
 BRIEF HISTORY
Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC) is
regarded as the greatest of the Greek
mathematicians.
Archimedes’ works include his
treatise Measurement of a Circle, which was
an analysis of circular area, and his
masterpiece On the Sphere and the
Cylinder in which he determined the volumes
and surface areas of spheres and cylinders.
 BRIEF HISTORY
Rene Descartes (1596–1650), in his
famous treatise Discourse on the
Method of Rightly Conducting the
Reason in the Search for Truth in the
Sciences, combined algebra and
geometry to create analytic
geometry.
 BRIEF HISTORY
The next great development in geometry came
with the development of non-Euclidean
geometry.
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) who along
with Archimedes and Newton is considered to
be one of the three greatest mathematicians
of all time, invented non-Euclidian geometry
prior to the independent work of Janos Bolyai
(1802–1860) and Nikolai Lobachevsky (1792-
1856).
 BRIEF HISTORY
Non-Euclidian geometry generally
refers to any geometry not based on
the postulates of Euclid, including
geometries for which the parallel
postulate is not satisfied.
Einstein used non-Euclidean
Geometry as foundation for his Theory
of Relativity.
 KINDS OF REASONING
Deductive Reasoning
a step-by-step, logical approach to
proving an idea by observation and
testing.
starts with an initial, proven fact and
builds an argument one statement at
a time to undeniably prove a new idea.
 KINDS OF REASONING

Example
All men are mortal.
Harold is a man.
Therefore, Harold is mortal.
 KINDS OF REASONING
Inductive Reasoning
a form of reasoning that arrives at a
conclusion based on patterns and
observations.
A general statement is formed from
a specific statement.
 KINDS OF REASONING
Example
The coin pulled from the bag is a
centavo.
The next coin is a centavo.
A third coin from the bag is a
centavo.
All the coins in the bag are centavos.
 KINDS OF REASONING
Abductive reasoning
reasoning that doesn't fit in with
inductive or deductive reasoning.
usually starts with an incomplete
set of observations and proceeds to
the likeliest possible explanation for
the group of observations.
 KINDS OF REASONING
Example
A man walks into the living room
and finds torn up papers all over the
floor. His dog has been alone in the
room all day. He concludes that the
dog tore up the papers because it is
the most likely scenario.
 CONDITIONAL, CONVERSE,
INVERSE, CONTRAPOSITIVE

Conditional Statement
follows the format if p, then q.
Example: If a figure is a square,
then it is a quadrilateral.
 CONDITIONAL, CONVERSE,
INVERSE, CONTRAPOSITIVE
Converse of a Statement
if q, then p.
Initial statement: If a figure is a
square, then it is a quadrilateral.
Converse: If a figure is a
quadrilateral, then it is a square.
 CONDITIONAL, CONVERSE,
INVERSE, CONTRAPOSITIVE
Inverse of a Statement
if not p, then not q.
Initial statement: If a figure is a
square, then it is a quadrilateral.
Inverse: If a figure is not a square,
then it is not a quadrilateral.
 CONDITIONAL, CONVERSE,
INVERSE, CONTRAPOSITIVE
Contrapositive
if not q, then not p.
Initial statement: If a figure is a
square, then it is a quadrilateral.
Contrapositive: if a figure is not a
quadrilateral, then it is not a square.
 UNDEFINED TERMS

Point
• a point indicates a location (or
position) in space.
• a point has no dimension (actual
size).  
 UNDEFINED TERMS
• a point has no length, no width, and
no height (thickness).
• a point is usually named with a
capital letter.
• in the coordinate plane, a point is
named by an ordered pair, (x,y).
 UNDEFINED TERMS

Line

• a line has no thickness.  

• a line's length extends in one
dimension.
• a line goes on forever in both
directions.
 UNDEFINED TERMS
• a line has infinite length, zero width,
and zero height.
• a line is assumed to be straight.
• a line is drawn with arrowheads on
both ends.
• a line is named by a single lowercase
script letter, or by any two (or more)
points which lie on the line.
 UNDEFINED TERMS
Intersecting lines – pair of lines that
meet at a single point.
Concurrent lines – three or more lines
that meet at a common point.
Parallel lines – pair of lines contained
in a plane that will never meet.
Skew lines – pair of lines not contained
in the same plane and will never meet.
 UNDEFINED TERMS

Plane
• a plane has two dimensions.
• a plane forms a flat surface
extending indefinitely in all
directions.
 UNDEFINED TERMS
• a plane has infinite length, infinite
width and zero height (thickness).
• a plane is drawn as a four-sided
figure resembling a tabletop or a
parallelogram.
• a plane is named by a single letter
(plane m) or by three coplanar, but non-
collinear,* points (plane ABC). 
 UNDEFINED TERMS
Space – set of all points
Collinear points – points contained in one
same line
Non-collinear points – points not contained
in the same line
Coplanar – when figures lie on the same
plane
Non-coplanar – when figures do not lie on
the same plane
 POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

Postulate – geometric statements

accepted to be true without proofs.
Theorem – geometric statements
accepted to be true given a set of proofs.
Axiom – mathematical statements
accepted to be true without proofs
Corollary – a truth generated from a
previous truth.
 POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

Points Postulate
A line contains at least two points.
A plane contains at least three non-
collinear points.
The space contains at least four
non-coplanar and non-collinear
points.
 POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

Line Postulate
Through any two distinct points, one
can draw exactly one line.
Plane Postulate
Three non-collinear points
determine a plane.
 POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

Flat Plane Postulate

If two points are contained in a
plane, then the line determined by
them is contained in the same plane.
Plane Intersection Postulate
if two planes intersect, then their
intersection is a line.
STATE THE POSTULATE THAT SUPPORTS
YOUR ANSWER TO EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING:
1. List 3 points that determine plane
X.
2. How many lines contain J and I?
3. Is LM contained in plane Y?
4. Is there a point in plane Y not
contained in JI?
5. Name the intersection of planes X
and Y.
STATE WHETHER THE FOLLOWING
REPRESENTS A POINT, A LINE, OR A PLANE.

1. Wall
2. Edge of a box
3. Crease when a piece of paper is
folded
4. Tiny spot on a cloth
5. Tip of a pen
COMPLETE EACH STATEMENT.

1. Two points determine a _______.

2. If two planes intersect, the intersection
is a _______.
3. If two lines intersect, the intersection is
a _______.
4. If a line and a plane intersect, the
intersection is a _______.
5. A plane contains at least _______ points.
COMPLETE ESCH STATEMENT WITH
ALWAYS, SOMETIMES, OR NEVER.

1. Two points are ______ collinear.

2. Three lines are ______ coplanar.
3. Skew lines are ______ coplanar.
4. A line and a point not on the line
are ______ coplanar.
5. Two planes ______ intersect at
exactly one point.
Week 2
 OTHER POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS
Distance Postulate
To every pair of distinct points P and
Q, there corresponds only one
positive number, called the distance
between P and Q.
PQ is used to represent the distance
between points P and Q.
 OTHER POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS
Properties of distance between points:
The distance between two distinct
points is positive.
The distance between any point and
itself is equal to zero.
The distance between two points does
not depend on the order in which the
points are mentioned. Thus, PQ = QP.
 OTHER POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS
Ruler Postulate
The points of a line can be placed in
correspondence with the real
numbers in such a way that:
1) To every point on the line there
corresponds exactly one real
number.
 OTHER POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS
2) Every real number is associated
with exactly one point of the line.
3) The distance between any two
points is the absolute value of the
difference of their corresponding
values.
 OTHER POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS
The correspondence between the
set of real numbers and the points
on a given line is known as a
coordinate system.
The number corresponding to a
given point is called its coordinate.
 OTHER POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS

The distance between points A and

B is AB = │x - y│

A B
x y
 OTHER POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS
Betweenness
Point B is said to be between A and
C if and only if:
1. A, B, and C are points on the same line,
and;
2. AB + BC = AC
 OTHER POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS
Midpoint
Point M is the midpoint of segment
AB if and only if M is between A and
B and AM = MB.
The midpoint separates a segment into two
congruent segments.
 OTHER POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS
Midpoint Postulate
A segment has only one midpoint.

The midpoint M of a line segment is

given by where and are coordinates
of points A and B.
 OTHER POSTULATES AND
THEOREMS

Any line, plane, segment, or ray

which contains the midpoint of
segment AB and does not contain
segment AB, is called a bisector of
segment AB.
Given the figure, answer each of the
following.

W A I T
1. Suppose I is the midpoint of AT so
that AI = x. What is x if AT = 16?
2. What is WI if AI = 12, WA = y, and
AI is of WA?
3. If WA = 2(x + 3), AI = 10 – x, IT = 8,
and WT = 13x, how long is WT?
 W A I T
4. What is the value of z if point A
bisects WI and WA = 3z + 5 while
AI = 2(z + 4)?
5. How long is AI if I is the midpoint
of AT, AI = 2(w - 5), and IT = (w - 2)?
 POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

Postulate 1: Through any two points,

there is exactly one line. (Line
Postulate)
Postulate 2: A point on the line
corresponds to exactly one real
number. The measure of any line
segment of the line is a unique
positive number. (Ruler Postulate)
 POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

Postulate 3: If B is a point on AC
and B is between A and C (A-B-C),
then AB + BC = AC. (Segment
Addition Postulate)
Postulate 4: If two lines intersect,
then they intersect in exactly one
point.
 POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

Postulate 5: Through any three

noncollinear points, there is exactly
one plane.
Postulate 6: If two planes intersect,
then their intersection is a line.
Postulate 7: If two points lie in a
plane, then the line joining them lies in
that plane.
 POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

Theorem 1: The midpoint of a line segment

is unique.
Theorem 2 (Midpoint Theorem): M is
midpoint of AB => AM = AB/2, MB = AB/2
Theorem 2: If a point lies outside a line,
then exactly one plane contains both the
line and the point.
Theorem 3: If two lines intersect, then
exactly one plane contains both lines.
 POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

Postulate 8: If there is a line and a

point not on the line, then there is
exactly one line through the point
parallel to the given line. (Parallel
Postulate)
 POSTULATES AND THEOREMS

Postulate 9: If there is a line and a

point not on the line, then there is
exactly one line through the point
perpendicular to the given line.
(Perpendicular Postulate)