Pre-Lab:

Kaibab Deer
• <1905 ~4,000 Deer, Max=30,000
• 1906, add sheep eating grass.
• 1907 Ban Hunting, Kill Predators
• 1920 Deer overpopulation
• 1923 Deer are starving
• 1924 Hunting reopened;
– 60,000 deer starve over
the winter.
 Kaibab Graphing
120
Min: 4,000
Max: 100,000
Y-Axis: Deer (in Thousands)

Intervals:
5,000 = 20
boxes
6,000 = 17
boxes

LINE GRAPH
6
Connect the
1900 1940 dots.
X-Axis: Years
 3/20 Bellringer
On the back page of your lab…

Draw a possible food web for the Kaibab

deer, using the organisms listed in the lab.
Make sure to list trophic levels!
 11 Management Debate
Control Zoo or Remove Need:
hunting isolating domestics
Three Methods to
Protect Preserve Remove make plan happen.
Predators and competition
expand One Disadvantage.
Protect habitat Introduce
Resources predators All of your names on
one page.
 9/10 Management Debate
Limiting More Regulate Decrease
Reproduction hunters. food Predators
sources
Too low: Remove
Zoos Regulate human
Hunting interference

Pop Low:
Import
resources
Your Main Idea;
• Basic methods (not all facts, use that to
defend).

• Round Robin: One question per group to

the Defender.
 OUR PLANET

Section 4.3
How Populations Change
in Size
Do Now: Imagine that
you are responsible for
monitoring the quality
of life for a population
of puffins. What data
would you collect to
make your evaluation?
What Is a Population?

- all the members of a species:

a. living in the same place
b. at the same time

Described in terms of:

1. Size - # of individuals in the population
2. Density - # of individuals per unit area/volume
3. Dispersion – relative distribution/arrangement
of individuals with a given space.
Population Density – How many per unit area?
The population size of coconut trees is counted on
three tropical islands and the result are shown below:

Population Size Size of Island

Island 1: 40 coconut trees 8 mile2
Island 2: 27 coconut trees 3 mile2
Island 3: 36 coconut trees 9 mile2

Q: Which island has the greatest density of

coconut trees? Show your work.
ISLAND 2
Island 1 = 5 trees/mile2 Island 2 = 9 trees/mile2 Island 3 = 4 trees/mile2
Population Dispersion: What type of dispersion
pattern is each showing?
 How Do Populations Change?
Do Now: Imagine that you are responsible for monitoring
the quality of life for a population of puffins. What
data would you collect to make your evaluation?

Growth Rate –
Change in population size = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)

How does growth rate = 0?

# births(+imm.) = # deaths(+emi.)

A successful population would

have a positive growth rate.
*Immigration: Moving IN to a place.
*Emigration: Moving OUT of a place.
JUST CHECKING: How is the Population Changing?
Puffins are migratory seabirds that live in the North
Atlantic and North Pacific oceans.

Q: One season the population is counted at 350 nesting

pairs (700 total puffins)

In one year, 325 new chicks hatch,

75 adult/chick puffins die,
65 new puffins migrate in, &
15 puffins migrate out

What is the new population size after one season?

1000 Puffins
700 (initial) + 325 (births) – 75 (deaths) + 65 (mig. IN) – 15 (mig. OUT)
 When Do Populations Stop Growing?
To see if the puffin population is growing successfully,
you’ll need to know its potential for growth.
Reproductive Potential – The maximum number of
offspring that an organism can produce.
A female elephant can theoretically
produce 19 million descendants in
750 years (vs. bacteria 150 hours!)

Depends on:
• # of offspring per birth
• How often females reproduce
• Generation time (time to age of reproduction)
e.g A female puffin can only produce one egg per year.
Does that mean that every female will reproduce
and have an offspring that lives to adulthood?
What’s A Good Population Size? Depends, really…
Because the environment is always changing & resources are
limited, populations don’t reach their full potential.
Carrying Capacity – The maximum population that the
environment can support for a long period of time
The population may exceed
or fall below the carrying
capacity but it is a good
estimate of the expected
population size. ←Exponential growth

Why can’t exponential growth continue?

The carrying capacity is generally set by a…
Limiting Resource – A factor needed by a population that limits
its continual growth; Ex: Sunlight, food, water
Competition - Members compete for limited resources (direct),
or dominance, territory (indirect), controlling population growth
What limits our puffin population?
JUST CHECKING: What’s a Good Population Size?

1. What is the carrying

capacity of the species
shown?
~250 organisms
2. Approximately what year
did the species reach it’s
carrying capacity?
~ Year 3
3. How long did the species
stay at the established
carrying capacity?

4+ Years
 Other Population Factors
Two types of limiting factors that affect population size.
Density Dependent – Expected deaths increase as a result
of a larger population; Ex: limited resources & predation
A crowded population will
have less resources to share
and attract more predators or
Density Independent –
Expected deaths increase
regardless of population size;
same percentage expected to be affected
Ex: Extreme weather & natural disasters
Is disease density dependent or independent? Does it vary?
Can all of these factors relate to human populations?
 Close Your Notebooks… ☺
What have you learned in this unit?
1. How can a population have a negative growth rate?
2. Would a school of fish in the
open ocean show even, clumped or
random dispersion?
3. Does a person or a cat have a
greater reproductive potential? Why?
4. Describe what happens when
a population exceeds its carrying
capacity. Why?
5. Is starvation density dependent?
Resources:

Virtual Lab: Modeling Lion Populations