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Mse Electrical Properties 1C
Mse Electrical Properties 1C
Mse Electrical Properties 1C
Dielectric Materials
•Examples: Mica, Asbestos, ceramics, glass, Resins, plastic, water & polar molecules…,
nitrogen, hydrogen etc.
Dipole: A dipole is an entity in which equal positive and negative
charges are separated by a small distance..
Polarizability:
E
E
polarizability constant
Polarization
q x i i
P i 1
V
Electric flux Density (D):
Electric flux density is defined as charge per unit area and it has
same units of dielectric polarization.
Electric flux density D at a point in a free space or air in terms of
Electric field strength is
D0 0 E - - (1)
D E - - (2)
As the polarization measures the additional flux density arising
from the presence of material as compared to free space
i.e, D 0 E P - - (3)
Using equations 2 & 3 we get
E 0 E P
( - 0 ) E P
(or) ( r . 0 - 0 ) E P
( r 1) 0 .E P
Electric susceptibility:
P 0eE
P
e
0E
0 ( r 1) E
0E
e r 1
Various Polarization mechanisms in Dielectrics
Electronic polarization
Ionic polarization
Orientation polarization
Space-charge polarization.
Electronic Polarization:
When an electric field is applied to an atom, +vely charged
nucleus displaces in the direction of field and ẽ cloud in
opposite direction. This kind of displacement will produce an
electric dipole with in the atom.
i.e, dipole moment is proportional to the magnitude of field
strength and is given by
e E
or
e eE
where ‘αe’ is called electronic Polarizability constant
Nucleus Displaced
Nucleus
Equilibrium
position
x
Sphere of electronic +Ze -Ze Field direction
charge Original Position
Fig. (a) Position of +ve and –ve charges in an atom without field (b)
Position of +ve and –ve charges in an atom with field
ii. Ionic Polarization
• Tension
F
Effect: Increase in volume
and it has a voltage with
opposite polarity as the
material
Inverse Piezoelectric Effect
• Man-made crystals:
Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4), Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14)
• Man-made ceramics:
Barium titanate (BaTiO3), Lead titanate (PbTiO3), Lead zirconate titanate
(Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3 0<x<1) - More commonly known as PZT, Potassium
niobate (KNbO3), Lithium niobate (LiNbO3), Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3),
Sodium tungstate (NaxWO3), Ba2NaNb5O5, Pb2KNb5O15
• Polymers:
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
Piezo Materials
• Some examples of practical piezo materials
are barium titanate, lithium niobate,
polyvinyledene difluoride (PVDF), and lead
zirconate titanate (PZT).