GE 9 (LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

BY:

ANGELA MAY G. SIGUE

HONEY JOY SERATA
NONA ELA V. TAG-AT
NICOLE JANE B. GUARIÑO
LIZEL MAE GALLENERO
INSTRUCTOR
DIOSEM ALEJANDRO
RITCHEL AGUILLON
 
INTRACLERGY CONFLICTS
AND
THE CAVITE MUTINY
 SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT

 Nationalizing the Catholic church by replacing the friars

with the native secular priest.

 This was a response to the Spanish friars who were

perceived as obstacles to education, progress in freedom
 2 types of priests That served the catholic
church

 Secular priest
-did not belong to any Religious order, They were assigned around the parishes under
the supervision of the bishop

 Regular Priest
- The main task was to spread Christianity, they belong to the congregations of the
Jesuits, Dominicans, Franciscans, recollects, and Augustinians.
 Secularization issue
 Started when regular priests were given parish assignments, refuse to be visited by
the bishops firmly insisting that they are not under their jurisdiction
 The bishops on the other hand argued that it is their duty to check on the parish
administration.
 Because of this the regular priests threaten to resign from parish assignments.
Which in turn will cause a delay in the spread of Christianity
Archbishop Basilio Sanchez de Santa Justa

 Based on his decree, concerning the expulsion of the

Jesuits (1769) one can deduce that is supported the
diocese’s authority over parishes and accepted the
resignation of the regular priests.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL SIMON DE ANDA

By royal decree, he became governor-general in 1770.

On the 9th day of November 1774, he implemented

secularization in the Philippines.

Parochial administration was transferred from the regular

friars to the secular priests.
 The archbishop assigned secular priests to the parishes but because there were not enough of
them Filipino secular priests were ordained to fill the vacancies.

 Regular priests persisted in this policy as they teamed Filipinos unfit for priesthood.

- According to them Filipinos lacked education and experience and turn it into an issue or racial
hierarchy about Filipinos having brown skin and being “Indios” who occupy the lowest class In
the society, an inferior race, and limited intelligence.
This was an obvious display of discrimination
 June 8, 1826
-the secularization policy of 1774 was overturned by the
Spanish government Led by Ferdinand VII

He ordered the return of the Parish of malate to the

Augustinians and the restitution to the religious orders of
all parishes given to the secular clergy
 Archbishop Santa Justa was succeeded by Archbishop Fray Juan Antonio
de Orbigo y Gallego but towards the end of his term founded the new
parishes of Santa Rosa(Laguna), Imus(Cavite), and Las Pifias (Old
Province in Manila).
 He, however, assigned the first curacy to the Dominicans and the last two
to the recollects.
 Native priests protested against this but before the conflict could be
resolved the archbishop died in 1797.
 This case was directly appealed to the king and was ruled in their favor
with the released of a royal decree on March 3, 1803 but was shelved by
the governor-general and was never implemented.
 A resolution was proposed by bishop-elect of Guiana Don Jose Venture Cabelle
to secularize the parishes in his diocese and was enacted into a law a
secularization of 1813. received by archbishop Zulaibar in Manila on December
1, 1814.
It was seen as inadequate and did agree on its implementation.
The fight against secularization had gone in for many years.
 MARCH 9, 1849

A royal decree was issued that mandated the handover of the parishes
of Bacoor, Cavite Viejo (kawit), and Silang to the recollects and those of
Santa Curz (Tanza) , San Francisco de Malabon(General Trias), Naic
and Indang to their Dominicans
This came as a surprise because this parish is composed mostly of
native Filipinos
Monsignor PEDRO PABLO PELAEZ
Leading a clerical protest

A governor to the church together with Father Mariano Gomez( the parish
priest of Bacoor and Vicar foreign of Cavite)

Openly advocate the rights of the Filipino secular clergy in the

administration of the parishes.

Pelaez and Gomez wrote a petition to abolish the royal decree but ended up
being published entitled “ El Clero Secular Filipino” in 1850 in the Madrid
newspaper “El Clamor Publico
 Pelaez di not stop to condemn the illegality of the friar’s position as
parish priests because thry could only do so based on the council of
trent when there was a scarcity of secular priests a situation that is not
true to manila that time. Despite this the cancellation of the royal
decree was not achieved.
 September 10, 1861

 A royal decree was again released ordering the transfer of the recollects to the
parishes in the province of Cavite or others that have been served by the native priests.
While the parishes in Mindanao the recollects were to see the recently stored Jesuits.
June 3, 1863
Pelaez’s unexpected death was when a strong earthquake struck Manila.
Monsignor Pedro Pelaez kept the secularization movement alive.
FATHER JOSE BURGOS

 After Pelaez’s death he regarded as a protégé of Pelaez

 Assumed leadership of the said movement.

 He anonymously published the pamphlet defending the memory of

Pelaez and calling for the justice for the Filipino clergy

 Father Mariano Gomez and Father Jacinto Zamora supported the

Secularization movement.
Jose Rizal in the context of the 19th century

 Rizal emphasizes that God must not be used to shield their abuses nor
must religion.

He said-” I wanted to hit the friars since the friars are always making use of
religion not only as a shield but also as a weapon I was therefore forced to
attack their false and superstitious belief in order to combat the enemy who
hid behind this religion.”
The Cavite Mutiny
 CAVITE MUTINY

A MAJOR FACTOR IN THE

AWAKENING OF NATIONALISM
AMONG THE FILIPINOS
 MUTINY
 A REBELLION AGAINST AUTHORITY

 COMES FROM AN OLD VERB, “MUTINE”

WHICH MEANS “REVOLT”.
What do you know about
Cavite Mutiny?
 The Cavite Mutiny is one of the most
significant historical accounts in the Philippine
History.
 It describes the uprising of the Filipino troops and
workers at the Cavite arsenal due to the removal
of the privileges: exemption from the tribute
exemption from forced labor.
THE MARTYRDOM OF THE
THREE PRIEST
 GOMBURZA
 THE COLLECTIVE NAME OF THE THREE
MARTYRED PRIESTS.

 TAGGED AS THE MASTERMINDS

OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
 GOMBURZA
 They were prominent Filipino Priests
charged with treason and sedition

 The Spanish clergy connected the priests to the mutiny as part of a

conspiracy to stifle the movement of secular priests who desired to
have their own parishes instead of being assistants to the regular
friars.
 Father Mariano Gomez
 An old man in his mid 70, Chinese; Filipino, born in
Cavite.
 He held the most senior position of the three as
Archbishops Vicar Cavite.

 He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty calmly as

though it were his penance for being a pro-Filipinos.
 Father Jose Burgos
 Spanish descent, born in the Philippines.
He was a parish priest of the Manila Cathedral and
had been known to be close to the liberal Governor-
General de la Torre.

 He was 35 years old at his time and was active and outspoken
in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy.
 Father Jacinto Zamora
 37 years old, was also Spanish born in the
Philippines.

 He was the parish priest of Marikina and was known

to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any
arrogance or authoritative behavior from Spaniards
coming from Spain.
 SPANISH ACCOUNTS OF THE
CAVITY MUTINY

1. MONTEROS ACCOUNT OF THE CAVITE MUTINY

2. OFFICIAL REPORT OF GOVERNOR IZQUIERDO ON THE

CAVITE MUTINY
 JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL
 Spanish historian
 His account centered on how the event was an attempt
In overthrowing the Spanish government in the Philippines.

 His account of mutiny was criticized as woefully biased.

MONTERO’S ACCOUNT OF THE
CAVITE MUTINY

THE IDEA OF ATTAINING THEIR INDEPENDENCE, IT

WAS TOWARDS THIS GOAL THAT THEY STARTED TO
WORK, WITH THE POWERFUL ASSISTANCE OF A CERTAIN
SECTION OF THE NATIVE CLERGY.
 GOVERNOR RAFAEL
IZQUIERDO

 Implicated the native clergy, who were active in the movement toward
secularization of parishes.

 In a biased report, he highlighted the attempt to overthrow the

Spanish government in the Philippines to install a new “hari”
in the persons of Father Burgos and Zamora.
 ACCORDING TO IZQUIERDO,
native clergy attracted supporters by giving them charismatic assurance that
Their fight would not fail because they had God’s support, aside from promises
Of lofty rewards such as employment, wealth, and ranks in the army.
 AN EXCERPT FROM
THE OFFICIAL REPORT
OF GOV. IZQUIERDO ON
THE CAVITE MUNITY OF 1872
“IT HAS NOT BEEN CLEARLY
DETERMINED IF THEY PLANNED TO
ESTABLISH A MONARCHY OR A
REPUBLIC, BECAUSE THE INDIOS HAVE
NO WORD IN THEIR LANGUAGE TO
DESCRIBE THIS FORM OF
GOVERNMENT.”

“WHOSE HEAD IN FILIPINO WOULD BE

CALLED HARI: BUT IT TURNS OUT THAT
THEY WOULD PLACE AT THE HEAD OF THE
GOVERNMENT A PRIEST. THAT THE HEAD
SELECTED WOULD BE D. JOSE BURGOS OR D.
JACINTO ZAMORA.”
SPANISH ACCOUNTS

UNDERSCORE THE REASON FOR THE “REVOLUTION” ABOLITION

OF PRIVILEGE ENJOYED BY THE WORKERS OF CAVITE ARSENAL
SUCH AS EXEMPTION FROM PAYMENT OF TRIBUTE AND BEING
EMPLOYED IN POLOS Y SERVICIOS (FORCE LABOR)

THE PRESENCE OF THE NATIVE CLERGY, AGAINST THE SPANISH

FRIARS, “CONSPIRED AND SUPPORTED” THE REBELS.
 IN THE SPANIARD’S ACCOUNTS

1872
WAS PREMEDITATED, A PART OF A BIG CONSPIRACY AMONG EDUCATED
LEADERS, MESTIZOS, LAWYERS, AND RESIDENTS OF MANILA AND CAVITE.

THEY ALLEGEDLY PLAN TO LIQUIDATE HIGH-RANKING SPANISH OFFICERS AND

THEN KILL FRIARS.
 THE ACCOUNTS DETAIL ON

JANUARY 20, 1872

THE DISTRICT OF SAMPALOC CELEBRATED THE FEAST OF
THE VIRGIN LORETO, CAME WITH IT WERE SOME
FIREWORKS DISPLAY.

THE CAVITENOS MISTOOK THIS AS THE SIGNAL TO

COMMENCE WITH THE ATTACK.
 SPANISH ACCOUNTS

 200 men was led by Sergeant Lamadrid attacked Spanish

officers at sight and seized the arsenal.
 Izquierdo, upon learning of the attack, ordered the
reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to
quell the revolt.

 The revolution was easily crushed, when Manileños

Who were expected to aid the Caviteños did not arrive.
AS RESULT, THE LEADERS OF
THE PLOT WERE KILLED.AS
FATHER GOMEZ, BURGOS AND
ZAMORA

WERE TRIED BY A COURT-

MARTIAL AND
SENTENCED TO BE EXECUTED.
 OTHERS WHO WERE IMPLICATED SUCH AS

JOAQUIN PARDO DE TA ANTONI MA. REGIDOR JOSE BASA PIO BASA

VERA

AND OTHER FILIPINO LAWYERS WERE SUSPENDED FROM THE PRACTICE OF LAW,
ARRESTED, AND SENTENCED TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT AT THE MARIANAS ISLAND.
 FEBRUARY 17, 1872

THE GOMBURZA WERE EXECUTED BY GARROTE IN PUBLIC TO

SERVE AS A THREAT TO FILIPINOS NEVER TO ATTEMPT TO
FIGHT THE SPANIARDS AGAIN.

THIS IS A SCENE PURPORTEDLY WITNESSED BY A YOUNG JOSE

RIZAL
 DIFFERING ACCOUNTS OF THE
EVENTS OF 1872

 PARDO DE TAVERA’S ACCOUNT OF

THE CAVITE MUTINY

 PLAUCHUT’S ACCOUNT OF THE

CAVITE MUTINY
 DR. TRINIDAD HERMENEGILDO
PARDO DE TAVERA

 A FILIPINO SCHOLAR AND

RESEARCHER

 WROTE A FILIPINO VERSION OF THE

BLOODY INCIDENT IN CAVITE.
 ACCORDING TO PARDO DE TAVERA,

The incident was merely a mutiny by Filipino soldiers and

laborers of the Cavite arsenal to the dissatisfaction arising from
the draconian policies of Izquierdo (abolition of privileges and
prohibition of the founding of the school of arts and trades.
THE CENTRAL SPANISH GOVERNMENT

was planning to deprive the friars of all the powers of

intervention in matters of civil government and direction
and management of educational institutions.
AN EXCERPT FROM

PARDO DE TAVERA’S ACCOUNT OF

THE CAVITE MUTINY

“FILIPINOS HAD GREAT HOPES OF AN

IMPROVEMENT IN THE AFFAIRS OF
THEIR COUNTRY”

“THE FRIARS FEARED THAT THEIR

POWER IN THE COLONY WOULD SOON
BE COMPLETE A THING OF THE PAST.”
 EDMUND PLAUCHUT

 A French writer
 Complemented Tavera’s account and
analyzed the motivation of 1872
Cavite Mutiny
 AN EXCERPT FROM
PLAUCHUT’S ACCOUNT OF THE
CAVITE MUTINY

“THE ARRIVAL IN MANILA OF GEN.

IZQUIERDO PUT A SUDDEN END TO ALL
DREAMS OF REFORMS…

SUCH A POLICY MUST REALLY END IN A

STRONG DESIRE ON THE PART OF THE
OTHER TO REPRESS CRUELLY..”
 DIFFERING ACCOUNTS

FRIARS USED CAVITE AS A PART OF A LARGER CONSPIRACY TO

CEMENT THEIR DOMINANCE.

THEY SHOWCASED THE MUTINY AS PART OF A GREATER CONSPIRACY

IN THE PHILIPPINES BY FILIPINOS TO OVERTHROW THE SPANISH
GOVERNMENT

UNINTENTIONALLY, IT RESULTED IN THE MARTYRDOM OF

GOMBURZA, AND PAVED THE WAY TO THE REVOLUTION
CULMINATING IN 1898.
 TEST QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Who was the Spanish governor-general when the Cavite Mutiny happened?
A. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
B. Rafael de Izquierdo
C. Ramon Blanco
D. Camilo de Polavieja
 
2. According to the Spanish authorities, what was the main reason for the execution of GOMBURZA?
A. secularization issue
B. conspiracy against Spanish King
C. involvement in Cavite Mutiny
D. failure to follow the Catholic teachings
3. What was the exact date of the execution of GOMBURZA?
A. February 16, 1872
B. February 17, 1872
C. February 12, 1872
D. February 18, 1872
 
4. This was the reason of the Cavite Mutiny, wherein Izquierdo’s decision caused much dissent within the
Caviteños.
A. The imposition of even heavier taxes on the laborers:
B. The payment of newly-appointed taxes to support the new Spanish government: 2
C. The abolition of the laborers’ exemption from the tributo
 
 
5. What are a regular priests?
A. They are priests from Portugal
B. Regular priests were Spanish priest
C. Regular priests were Filipino priest
D. Regular priests were the most trusted by the governor-general
6. What is a Secular priest?
A. Secular priests were Filipino priest
B. Spanish priest
C. Math teachers
D. Doctors
 
7. He is the Governor-General of the Philippines when Cavite Mutiny
transpired.
A. Gov. Gen. Camilo García de Polavieja y del Castillo-Negrete
B. Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo
C. Gov. Gen. Emilio Terrero y Perinat
D. Gov. Gen. Miguel López de Legazpi
 
8. Izquierdo’s report was addressed to whom?
A. King of Spain
B. KING OF SWEDEN
C. KING OF SAUDI ARABIA
D. KING OF NEW ZEALAND
9. The date when 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and residents of Cavite rose in arms.
A. JANUARY 17, 1872
B. APRIL 3, 1872
C. FEBRUARY 17, 1872
D. January 20, 1872
 
10. He is the leader of the 200 men who conspired to assassinate the commanding officer and Spanish officers in
the Cavite arsenal.
A. Jose Burgos
B. Jacinto Zamora
C. Sergeant Lamadrid
D. Mariano Gomez