ARELLANO UNIVERSITY - PLARIDEL CAMPUS

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

CELL STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTION

August 25-26, 2022

Prepared by: Tr. Ma. Mercedes A. Balabbo

 LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of the discussion, students should be able to:

identify the three create an illustration of the

components of cell cell organelles; and
structure;

explain the different cite importance of cell

functions of organelles; organelles in living
organisms.
 Riddle

What are ten things you can always count

on?
Answer

Fingers
CELL STRUCTURE
CELL STRUCTURE

• The cell membrane separates the

material outside the cell, extracellular,
from the material inside the cell,
intracellular.
• It maintains the integrity of a cell and
controls passage of materials into and
out of the cell.
CELL STRUCTURE

• The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for
chemical reaction.
• It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within
the cell.
• All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried
out in the cytoplasm of a cell.
CELL STRUCTURE
CELL STRUCTURE

• The nucleus, formed by a nuclear membrane around a fluid

nucleoplasm, is the control center of the cell.
• Threads of chromatin in the nucleus contain deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), the genetic material of the cell.
• The nucleus determines how the cell will function, as well as the basic
structure of that cell.
CELL STRUCTURE
CELL ORGANELLES
 NUCLEUS
MITOCHONDRIA
RIBOSOME CHLOROPLAST

ENDOPLASMIC
VACUOLE
RETICULUM
CENTRIOLE
SMOOTH & ROUGH

LYSOSOME
GOLGI APPARATUS
CYTOSKELETON
 RIBOSOME • The ribosome reads the messenger
RNA (mRNA) sequence and
• A ribosome is an intercellular
translates that genetic code into a
structure made of both RNA
specified string of amino acids,
and protein, and it is the site
which grow into long chains that
of protein synthesis in the
fold to form proteins.
cell.
 ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• The ER is the largest organelle in
the cell and is a major site of
protein synthesis and transport,
protein folding, lipid and steroid
synthesis, carbohydrate
metabolism and calcium storage
TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• It is called ‘rough’ endoplasmic
reticulum because it is studded on
its outer surface (the surface in
contact with the cytosol) with
ribosomes.
TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum
(rough ER) is a part of the
endomembrane system of the
cell and a subset of the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
• This organelle is primarily concerned
with the synthesis, folding and
modification of proteins, especially
those that need to be delivered to
different organelles within the cell, or
secreted from the cell.
TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• Smooth ER is largely associated
with lipid (fat) manufacture and
metabolism and steroid
production hormone production.
• It also has a detoxification
function.
TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum like

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC the rough endoplasmic reticulum is
connected to the nuclear envelope.
RETICULUM • The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also
carries out the metabolism of
• The smooth endoplasmic reticulum
carbohydrates and steroids.
functions in many metabolic
• In muscle cells, the smooth
processes.
endoplasmic reticulum regulates
• It synthesizes lipids,
calcium ion storage.
phospholipids as in plasma
membranes, and steroids.
 • The Golgi apparatus is responsible for
GOLGI APPARATUS transporting, modifying, and packaging
proteins and lipids into vesicles for
delivery to targeted destinations.
• Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi
• It is located in the cytoplasm next to
complex or Golgi body,
the endoplasmic reticulum and near the
membrane-bound organelle of
cell nucleus.
eukaryotic cells that is made up
of a series of flattened, stacked
pouches called cisternae.
GOLGI APPARATUS
 MITOCHONDRIA
• Mitochondria are often referred to
as the powerhouses of the cell.
• They help turn the energy we
take from food into energy that
the cell can use.
 MITOCHONDRIA

• Mitochondria are membrane- • Producing energy

bound cell organelles
(mitochondrion, singular) that
generate most of the chemical
energy needed to power the
cell's biochemical reactions.
• Cell death
• Storing calcium
• Heat production
 CHLOROPLAST

• Chloroplasts are oval-shaped and

have two membranes: an outer
membrane and an inner
membrane.
 CHLOROPLAST
• Chloroplasts also provide diverse
metabolic activities for plant cells,
• Chloroplasts are plant cell
including the synthesis of fatty acids,
organelles that convert light
membrane lipids, isoprenoids,
energy into relatively stable
tetrapyrroles, starch, and hormones.
chemical energy via the
photosynthetic process.
 VACUOLE
• The term “vacuole” means
“empty space”.
• They help in the storage and
disposal of various substances.
• They can store food or other
nutrients required by a cell to
survive.
 • Sometimes a single vacuole can take
up most of the interior space of the
VACUOLE plant cell.

• A vacuole is a membrane-bound
cell organelle.
FUNCTIONS
• In animal cells, vacuoles are • Storage
generally small and help • Turgor Pressure
sequester waste products.
• In plant cells, vacuoles help
maintain water balance.

CENTRIOLE
• Centrioles are paired barrel-
shaped organelles located in the
cytoplasm of animal cells near the
nuclear envelope.
FUNCTIONS
• The main function of centriole is to
help with cell division in animal cells.
• The centrioles also help in the
formation of the spindle fibers that
separate the chromosomes during cell
division (mitosis).
 LYSOSOME
• A lysosome is a membrane-bound
cell organelle that contains
digestive enzymes.
• Lysosomes are involved with
various cell processes.
• They break down excess or worn-
out cell parts.
• They may be used to destroy invading
viruses and bacteria. If the cell is
damaged beyond repair, lysosomes can
help it to self-destruct in a process
called programmed cell death, or
apoptosis.
• The lysosome is a specific type of
organelle that's very acidic.
 CYTOSKELETON
• The cytoskeleton is a structure that
helps cells maintain their shape and
internal organization, and it also
provides mechanical support that
enables cells to carry out essential
functions like division and
movement.
• There is no single cytoskeletal
component.
DO YOU HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS?
BIOLOGY
QUIZ
What are the three major components of cell?
Give 5 organelles in the cell
Why cell organelles are important to all living organisms?
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!

SEE YOU ON OUR NEXT MEETING!